科技对社会公平的冲击及启示

科技对社会公平的冲击体现在加剧原有的社会不公平和引发新的社会不公平两个维度上。科技作用于经济使经济差距扩大;作用于知识使缺乏科技知识的公众处境艰难;科技作用于竞争等社会机制产生新的不公平,某些生命科技可能将人自身的差异转化为不公平。除了继续发展科技使科技不断修正自身外,还需要科技政策和经济政策合力调控、普及科技使用知识、规范科技在竞争机制中的应用以及对重点领域科技进行平等调节等辅助机制。     

The impact of anonymous marking on students’ perceptions of fairness,feedback and relationships with lecturers

Anonymity in marking is a contentious issue within higher education. Conflicting research findings have identified issues surrounding gender bias, ethnicity bias and fairness in marking. However, the effects of anonymity upon feedback mechanisms have not been systematically explored. This study sought to understand the effects of anonymous marking and feedback upon students’ perceptions of its potential for future learning and relationship building with their lecturers. First year United Kingdom undergraduate business, politics, pharmacy and french students experienced anonymous and non-anonymous marking of coursework across different modules. Student performance data were collected, and a survey was administered following the completion of their modules. Results revealed that anonymous marking did not seem to advantage or disadvantage particular groups of students in terms of grade outcome. There was no significant difference in perceptions of fairness according to whether or not marking was anonymous. Furthermore, the results suggest that anonymous marking might undermine the learning potential of feedback, and minimise the strength of the relationship between lecturers and students, which may minimise the role of dialogue in the feedback process.     

高考中少数民族加分政策实施效度的研究—以贵州考生为例

高考少数民族加分政策是针对少数民族考生民族身份的照顾性政策,但由于该政策在实施过程中的效度缺乏分析研究,使得该政策在少数民族增加高等教育机会的获得上作用不明。本文通过对贵州少数民族考生与汉族考生成绩、加分政策效果的对比和分析,得出结论如下:(1)贵州少数民族考生与汉族考生的成绩差距是客观存在的,农村考生中的差距更为明显;(2)少数民族考生在考科的差距上表现出文化选择特性;(3)贵州少数民族加分政策和预科政策对少数民族考生的补偿非常显著。未来的高考改革中,要合理的差别对待城乡少数民族考生间的差距,充分评估涉及高考少数民族的加分政策;考科改革要充分考虑课程的文化属性,即不同考生群体对不同科目的选择性差异。本文还对高考中实现民族间相对公平的努力方向给出了一定基础数据。     

公平价值——教育考试突发事件处置的核心

教育考试作为我国公共服务事业,无论是从其自身性质还是从公共管理的视角分析,公平都是其核心价值。各类突发事件对教育考试的公平价值造成严重损害,在处置过程中必须把公平放在核心位置,通过完善制度、信息公开、技术手段、打击舞弊、权利救济等途径维护教育考试的公平公正。     

对我省高校贫困生问题的理性思考

本从青海省高校贫困生问题出发，分析贫困生问题带给学校、社会、家庭及贫困生自身的压力，指出贫困生问题终究是一个社会和教育公平问题，提出减少贫困生压力需从招生、贷款、助学多渠道努力。     

基于正义的教育公平与效率

罗尔斯认为,不平等并不意味着不正义,只要它符合两个正义原则。罗尔斯的第一个正义原则适用于保障公民基本权利的领域;第二个正义原则适用于调节经济和社会的不平等。目前我国教育领域的不公平问题主要是教育资源分配不平衡,属于“经济和社会的不平等”,因而解析这一问题主要是应用第二个原则。罗尔斯的第二个正义原则认为不平等的分配必须以提高弱者的利益为目的,只有建立在这一基础上的不平等分配才是正义的。按照这一原则,在教育领域里处理公平与效率的正义方式就是允许教育资源的不平均分配,但前提是这种分配有利于弱势群体利益的提升。应用这一理论可以解析目前教育领域里存在的3种较为突出的不平等现象。     

新“孝道”整合下的养老模式及其基础——基于南漳县化村的调查

养儿防老、家庭养老是中国传统孝道的应有之义,而在新形势下传统孝道瓦解与变异,一种新＂孝道＂在乡村社会产生。基于化村养老调查,发现这种新＂孝道＂整合下,老年人逐渐走向自养模式。自养模式建立在理性化关系和劳动观念基础上,惠农政策提供了物质基础。在此＂孝道＂整合下这种自养模式已成村庄规范,老年人老有所养不成问题,但老有所乐的问题还需要进一步解决。     

论民法的公平原则

公平原则是指民事主体之间在确定某种民事法律关系时,要依照公平的观念分配双方的权利义务,公平原则在民法基本原则体系中处于核心地位,民法的主要制度如合同法、侵权法等领域都要贯彻公平原则。     

社会主义和谐社会视野下的政治认同

构建社会主义和谐社会是从经济、政治、文化发展的一项全方位的战略性规划。在当前利益多元化的中国,有效地整合多元社会关系,对于我国构建社会主义和谐社会有着重要的推动作用。这就要求从经济、政治、文化方面人手,增进和提高社会成员的政治认同,增强公民对政治权威的认可和支持,形成一种积极的、理性的、多层次的政治认同,以促进我国社会主义和谐社会的构建。     

Understanding the persistence of inequality in higher education: evidence from Australia

During the latter half of the twentieth century, Australia, like many countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, experienced rapid expansion in participation in higher education which was supported by government through increases in the number of publicly funded university places. However, in spite of this expansion, a disproportionately large share of the undergraduate student population is still drawn from higher socio-economic backgrounds. This paper seeks to understand the persistence of inequality in higher education by examining changes in patterns of participation in Australian universities since the 1970s. Using logistic regressions to analyse data collected by three Australian surveys conducted between 1987 and 2005, the authors examine the influence of having a university-educated parent on an individual’s chances of obtaining a higher education degree. They find that although the expansion of higher education has had some impact in terms of reducing inequality, having a university-educated parent continues to exert a direct effect on an individual’s propensity to graduate from university. The paper draws on the theories of maximally maintained inequality and relative risk aversion to interpret institutional and student behaviour. The policy challenges of addressing structural inequality in higher education are also discussed.