协同导向：美国青少年体质健康政策的演进与启示

协同导向是美国青少年体质健康政策的突出特征,主要体现在政策文本协同和政策制订协同两方面.在政策文本协同方面,通过梳理历年来体质测量、体育、教育、校园卫生和营养等方面的政策演进过程,发现其体现出较明显的健康促进导向作用.在政策制订协同方面,除了政府相关部门外,社会组织和社会精英人物也都积极参与政策制订,形成了国家政府部门和各界参与的有机融合.我国青少年体质健康亦面临类似问题,可借鉴美国经验,注重体育与营养政策的协同作用,注重跨界政策制订主体的协同参与,强化学校和社区等场域的协同连接,凸显学生校园营养行为的国家责任.     

职业教育改革背景下地方本科院校体育教育专业技能型人才培养方案的建构与实施策略

技能型人才培养是地方本科院校转型发展的时代需要,已成为体育教育专业建设与发展的必然要求.地方本科院校体育教育专业培养技能型人才是由服务地方体育基础教育的定位决定的,同时也是顺应教师专业化改革的必然要求,是体育专业人才的内涵要求.从人才培养目标、人才培养规格、专业课程体系设置三个方面对人才培养方案进行了设计,并重点构建了"五大平台(九个模块)"的课程体系.指出,应完善技能型人才培养保障制度,建立相应的运行机制和人才培养质量考核评价体系,打造双师型教师队伍,营造良好的实践教学环境,为该培养方案的顺利实施提供有力保障.     

应对方式在体育锻炼与女大学生抑郁之间的中介效应分析

利用Bootstrap交叉验证的方法对女大学生应对方式在体育锻炼与抑郁之间的中介作用进行检验.结果发现,问题解决纬度在体育锻炼对抑郁的影响中起部分中介作用,其中介效应值为-0.0193,中介效应置信区间为[-0.0433 -0.0053],中介效应量占总效应量的28.4%;其他8个应对方式纬度中介效应都不显著.结论认为,积极应对方式在体育锻炼对女大学生抑郁的影响中起中介作用.     

采煤塌陷对中国西部风沙区土壤质量的影响机制及修复措施

中国西部风沙区生态环境脆弱,煤炭井工开采造成土体坍塌,产生地表裂缝,导致地下水位下降、土壤含水量减少、土壤养分流失、土壤酶活性降低、微生物数量和群落结构发生变化、土壤沙化、植被死亡以及生物多样性破坏等生态环境问题。主要剖析近年来煤炭地下开采对西部风沙区土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物和植被生长等方面的影响机制,提出塌陷区土壤环境破坏的修复措施。指出今后的研究应集中于采煤塌陷区土壤质量的恢复和土壤微生物多样性的演替规律方面,为中国西部风沙区采煤塌陷地的生态修复提供理论基础和技术支持。     

荒漠植物白刺光合作用对人工模拟增雨的响应与适应

研究未来降水增加条件下荒漠植物白刺光合作用对人工模拟增雨的响应和适应。实验共设置5个处理,包括对照、自然降水基础上分别增加年平均降水量（145 mm）的25%、50%、75%和100%。对2010年生长季白刺叶片光合速率、叶周气温、清晨叶水势、土壤含水量等监测指标进行分析。研究结果表明：白刺叶片净光合速率与叶周气温之间呈二次函数关系,人工增雨处理后拟合曲线顶点左右平移。与对照相比,25%和50%增雨处理样地的拟合曲线顶点左移,顶点对应的叶周气温较对照样地（29.31 ℃）分别降低0.44和0.74 ℃;75%和100%增雨处理样地的拟合曲线大幅度右移,顶点对应的叶周气温较对照样地分别升高2.26和6.02 ℃左右。人工模拟增雨改变了白刺光合作用对温度的适应范围。     

Embodied learning and school-based physical culture: implications for professionalism and practice in physical education

We write as critical theorists, who consider that in terms of scoping out robust conceptual elaborations which are suitable for contemporary schooling, that physical education has ground to make up connecting theory with practice and practice with theory. We advocate that aspects of existentialism and phenomenology can provide a theoretically sound basis on which to argue that embodied learning should be the foundational cornerstone of physical education programmes. To avoid embodied learning becoming overly learner centric and insular, we advance Merleau-Pontian informed ideas on how learning could flourish when an individual and embodied focus merges with a school-wide physical culture agenda which is underpinned by social and moral theorizing. In developing our focus on merging embodied learning and physical culture, we draw upon MacIntyrean views on the goods which are internal to practice and extend thinking on how these goods could merge with the diverse aims and intentions informing the culture and ethos in schools. In pursuing these ambitions, we outline the constructive activist-based benefits of teachers working within subsidiarity-based school communities where pedagogical decisions are made at a level consistent with realizing whole schools aims. This is in spite of our acknowledgement that the lack of career-long professional learning adds to the difficulty of achieving these aims. In conclusion we argue that if physical education is to become a pivotal component of realizing a diverse range of whole school aims there is a need for greater professional engagement with pedagogical approaches that attempt to derive greater meaning from learners movement experiences and which help learners to understand better both their own identity and the ethos of the school context and environment they share with others.     

Development and Initial Validation of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ)

The present study describes the development and validation of an instrument to measure volition in the exercise context. Volition describes an individual’s self-regulatory mental processes that are responsible for taking and maintaining a desirable action (e.g., exercising regularly). The scale structure was developed in an exploratory factor analysis which resulted in a reliable structure of the following six factors: Volitional Inhibition—Reasons, Volitional Inhibition—Postponing Training, Volitional Facilitation—Self-Confidence, Volitional Inhibition—Unrelated Thoughts, Volitional Inhibition—Approval From Others, and Volitional Facilitation—Coping with Failure. A sound theoretical explanation for these six factors is based on the Personal System Interaction Theory. This six-factor structure was also confirmed in a new sample in a confirmatory factor analysis, delivering an 18-item questionnaire with strong model fit and good internal consistency. In addition, the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire showed convergent validity because it was able to predict exercise participation. It showed incremental validity by explaining additional variance to the Sport Motivation Scale’s well-established predictors of exercise participation.     

Experiences of teacher evaluation systems on high school physical education programs

Primary objective: Teacher evaluation is being revamped by policy-makers. The marginalized status of physical education has protected this subject area from reform for many decades, but in our current era of system-wide, data-based decision-making, physical education is no longer immune. Standardized and local testing, together with structured observation measures, are swiftly being mandated in the USA as required elements of teacher evaluation systems in an effort to improve school programs and student achievement. The purpose of this investigation was to document how this reform was initiated and the experiences of teachers, students and administrators, from three high school physical education programs, during initiation of this reform. Documenting how physical education programs respond to such reforms develops our understanding of top-down reform efforts and helps to identify conditions under which such reforms have the intended effect on physical education teachers and student learning in physical education.

Theoretical framework: Fullan’s three phases of school change has been used to analyze and guide school change efforts in several subject areas including physical education. The phases are initiation, implementation and institutionalization. This study is situated primarily within the first phase of school change, the initiation phase.

Methods and procedures: This study took place over a 21-month period in 3 suburban school districts in a northeast metropolitan area of the USA. Interviews with district physical education administrators, high school physical education teachers and students were conducted. Field notes of physical education classes, informal interviews and related artifacts including pre- and post-physical education assessments were collected. To ensure trustworthiness, several steps were taken including member checks, triangulation and peer review. The data were analyzed to find common themes and patterns using the constant comparative method.

Results: Several themes emerged: (1) changes in curriculum and assessment; (2) effect on administrators; (3) stakeholder apathy and (4) department collaboration.

Conclusion: Changes, although minor, did take place in the wake of this top-down teacher reform; however, additional research needs to be completed to determine whether or not these changes are meaningful or long lasting.     

Intercultural education in physical education: results of a quasi-experimental intervention study with secondary school students

Background: Due to migration processes, cultural diversity and strangeness are becoming characteristics of modern society. The competence to handle this heterogeneity – the so-called intercultural competence – is a key competence for all children and youths. Sports and physical education (PE) are often considered as a particular field for enhancing intercultural competence. However, until now there is no theory-based empirical study that proves this assumption. Purpose: This study was designed to examine the effects of a standardised, theoretically driven programme in PE on the development of underlying cognitive concepts of intercultural competence: acculturation attitudes and attitudes towards cultural diversity. Research design: The research design consists of a quasi-experimental design with four measurement points. The intervention group (N?=?69; mean age?=?11.6 years (SD?=?0.60)) followed standardised and theory-driven intervention lessons following the didactical guidelines of the concept of ‘Intercultural Movement Education’ (IME). The developed games tend to trigger ‘crises’ with the aim to insecure students. These experienced insecurities were afterwards reflected upon with the students. The internal control group (N?=?63; mean age?=?11.8 years (SD?=?0.62)) and external control group (N?=?93; mean age?=?10.8 years (SD?=?0.69)) were taught in a unspecific manner. The impact of the intervention study programme was tested with a reliable and valid questionnaire. Results: A significant time by group interaction effect for the subscale ‘assimilation/segregation’ of acculturation attitudes was found in boys and in girls. The attitudes increased significantly after the intervention. For the girls, the intervention group showed also a significant decrease of the attitude ‘integration’. No significant impact of the intervention study on the attitudes towards cultural diversity could be identified either with boys or girls. Discussion: The effects of the study are ambivalent. The significantly increased assimilative attitudes can be interpreted as a need for a sense of security. This is also underlined by the decrease of the integration attitude that values the maintenance of cultural integrity. It must be critically discussed whether the ‘crises’ were too intense and not adapted to the children’s skills to overcome them. Second, we have to critically analyse whether the discussions with the students about their experiences were sufficiently focused to debrief the students. Summary for practitioners: The competence to handle heterogeneity – the so-called intercultural competence – is a key competence for children and youths. Sports and PE are often considered as a particular field for enhancing intercultural competence. However, until now there has been no theory-based empirical study that proves this assumption. This paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an intervention programme on intercultural learning in PE along the didactic guidelines of IME. This programme tries to trigger ‘crises’ that stimulate the students to react and think about their self- and world relations. The statistical analyses show that the ‘crises’ were probably too intense as the students’ scores in assimilation attitudes increased. This lead to the didactical reflection of the implementation of intercultural learning processes in PE.