家庭环境对儿童发展影响的研究综述

家庭是儿童生活的主要场所,其作用是学校和社会团体所不可替代的,家庭环境不同因素对子女心理、人格以及学业的发展具有重大影响。家庭环境包括主观家庭环境和客观家庭环境,二者相互影响,并作为一个统一体共同作用于子女发展。     

教育公平与制度保障——进城务工人员子女接受义务教育的现状分析

进城务工人员子女义务教育公平问题是中国社会转型期一个独特的社会问题,已引起社会的广泛关注.本文基于对湖北、河南、安徽等省市进城务工人员子女上学问题的专门调查,并结合全国已其他省市的调查研究,从制度层面就进城务工人员子女的义务教育公平问题及其成因进行分析,并在此基础上提出如何从制度上保障进城务工人员子女公平接受义务教育的对策思路.     

Friendships for wellbeing?: parents’ and practitioners’ positioning of young children’s friendships in the evaluation of wellbeing factors

ABSTRACT

Friendship matters for young children’s development, learning and experience of wellbeing. This paper emphasises the significance of young children’s friendships for their wellbeing, especially in the context of early years settings. Findings are presented from two online questionnaires developed for the project, in which 155 parents/carers and 285 practitioners in England expressed their perceptions of what matters for young children’s wellbeing. Data shows some ambivalence in the views of both parents/carers and practitioners about the importance of friendship in this context. Both groups gave low prioritisation to ‘the company of friends’ for children’s wellbeing. As friendships are of central importance to young children themselves, this could suggests that adults and children may have different priorities, which raises questions about the extent to which young children’s friendships are seen as important by adults. The paper concludes by proposing the need for practitioners in particular, but also parents, to consider their roles and priorities for children’s lives within schools and nurseries, including how they might sensitively support and facilitate children’s friendships in play, activities, transition and everyday life.     

家庭社会经济地位对留守儿童的影响:回顾与思考

家庭社会经济地位分化是由于市场经济、阶层固化、自身努力等多方面因素共同作用的结果,不同的家庭社会经济地位对青少年的影响不同。留守儿童随着"打工经济"的发展被迫孕育出来,其自身的特殊性和脆弱性受到了社会的普遍关注。较低的家庭社会经济地位给留守儿童的身体发育、心理发育以及学业成就带来了一定的负面效应。为促进留守儿童的健康成长,缓解不利的家庭社会经济地位对其的影响,本文从家庭、学校、政府层面提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Teachers’ experience with inclusive education in Singapore

Teachers’ positive attitude is most critically and consistently associated with successful inclusion. However, little is known about teachers’ first-hand encounters with inclusive education in Singapore. We present findings from a qualitative study on inclusion based on focus group interviews with 202 teachers from 41 resourced primary schools. The data were transcribed and coded using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and NVIVO software. Two broad clusters identified were teachers’ positive and negative experiences in implementing inclusion. More reference was made to negative than positive experiences. The most dominant negative experience was stress from challenging behaviours and instructional difficulties of catering adequately for diverse needs in the same classroom. The most salient positive experience was satisfaction with pupils’ progress and new learning for teachers. Classroom practices that facilitated inclusion and the value of training in shaping teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion were highlighted.     

随班就读的听障儿童回归主流问题研究

在教育的发展过程中,出现了两种不同类型的学校,一种是供普通地身体健康的学生就读的学校,另一种是身体有残疾的学生就读的学校。身体有残疾(比如有听障问题)的学生在普通学校就读会出现一些问题,例如无法跟上课程进度、与同学们无法沟通等。但随着各方面的发展,已经逐渐有听障儿童在普通学校就读。听障儿童在普通学校就读是一种进步,但近年来又出现"回流"现象。     

我国电视广告对儿童的负面影响及规制浅议

当前我国儿童电视广告中存在的问题,影响了儿童的身心健康成长,我们应该借鉴西方国家对儿童电视管理的经验,制订出行之有效的具体措施和规制方法,为儿童创造出良好的成长环境。     

弱智儿童敲击动作速度的实验研究

对10-14岁(平均年龄12、13岁)的37名不同智商的弱智儿童的敲击动作速度进行了测定.弱智儿童根据智商不同分为二组一组为轻度智力残疾,智商55-75,平均智商61.3;一组为中度智力残疾,智商38-51,平均智商42.8.实验使用一台BQS-80-Ⅱ型敲击仪进行.被试各测定左、右手一分钟的敲击动作速度.结果表明智商较低的一组弱智儿童(平均智商42.8)左、右手的敲击动作速度均明显较之智商较高的一组弱智儿童(平均智商61.3)为慢,前者只相当于正常7岁儿童水平.无论哪一组弱智儿童,右手敲击速度均快于左手速度.这种情况表明,在弱智儿童中,由于智商的差异,也会对简单的动作速度产生影响.     

农村留守儿童心理发展与教育问题

作为低社会经济地位儿童的典型代表 ,父母外出打工的农村留守儿童在人身安全、学习、品行、心理发展等方面都存在不同程度的问题。教师认为农村留守儿童在一般表现、学习、品行和情绪感受上比父母在家儿童的问题严重。学生的自我报告表明 ,留守儿童的心理问题主要是在人际关系和自信心方面显著地不如父母都在家的儿童 ,而在孤独感、社交焦虑和学习适应方面与其他儿童没有显著的差异。与留守儿童心理发展相关的教育问题需要多方面措施的配合。     

幼儿情绪认知能力发展特点的研究

本研究采用面部表情辨别和实际情境下的情绪认知两种实验任务测查了95名3～5岁幼儿的情绪认知能力。结果表明：（1）幼儿的情绪认知能力存在显著的年龄差异，随着年龄的增长而增长，但每种具体情绪的发展模式不同；（2）幼儿的情绪认知能力不存在显著的性别差异。