Revisiting free school meal eligibility as a proxy for pupil socio‐economic deprivation

Whether someone has ever had free school meal (FSM) eligibility over a six‐year period is the measure of socio‐economic disadvantage currently used in the English school system. It is used to monitor the socio‐economic gap in achievement in the education system, to identify particular children at risk of low achievement and to direct funding to particular children and schools. In this paper we assess how well this measure predicts pupil attainment in secondary school in comparison to other measures of socio‐economic background known to influence pupil attainment, such as parental education or income. We ask whether the FSM measure is an adequate proxy for a pupil's socio‐economic disadvantage in an educational context. To do this we draw on the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and matched administrative data. We find that the FSM eligibility measure correlates highly with other measures of socio‐economic disadvantage, however it does not identify all children living in what would be deemed deprived households. We then compare the extent to which the FSM eligibility measure predicts educational achievement relative to other measures of deprivation and find that its predictive power is only marginally lower than many richer survey measures. This provides some reassurance on its use in policy.     

中小学校长选拔机制的中外比较与思考

本文分析和讨论了中外中小学校长选拔机制的各自特点，在比较的基础上，指出我国中小学校长选拔中所存在的若干缺陷，并进一步提出几点建议来完善我国中小学校长选拔机制：（1）实施“聘任制，竞争上岗”；（2）实施中小学校长任职资格证书制度；（3）建立一个严格的、标准化的校长选拔程序。     

Child developmental impact of Pittsburgh’s Early Childhood Initiative (ECI) in high-risk communities: first-phase authentic evaluation research

The national debate surrounding the issue of school failure has renewed interest in the quality, efficacy, and outcomes of early childhood intervention programs that can promote early school success for children at developmental risk. Moreover, researchers and policymakers report the need to document developmentally-appropriate models for assessing and evaluating early childhood outcomes. We report on the first-phase results of Pittsburgh’s early childhood initiative (ECI). ECI is a privately-funded effort by a consortium composed of the business, corporate, foundation, and community sectors to implement high-quality early care and education options for children in high-risk neighborhoods. The overarching objective of ECI is to ensure early school success for high-risk children. Our Scaling Progress in Early Childhood Settings (SPECS) Evaluation Team implemented an authentic assessment and program evaluation strategy and an enhanced “constructed comparison group” statistical model to conduct longitudinal research on the child developmental impact of the ECI model. First-phase results on 155 high-risk children indicate that those who participated in high-quality ECI programs for the longest periods of time demonstrated patterns of progress that exceeded maturational expectations. Weekly collaborative consultation to teachers and caregivers by consultants about program quality using the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) standards as “best practice” benchmarks seemed to be associated with initial enhanced child outcomes and the particular impact of the ECI model.     

论古史辨派的易学研究

古史辨派是活跃于本世纪上半叶中国史学界的一个重要学术流派，为了揭示有关中国上古史记载的真面目，该派对包括《周易》在内的诸多古代经籍进行了考证。其考证《周易》的目的，是“打破汉人的经说”，“破坏其伏羲神农的圣经的地位而建设其卜筮的地位”，“辨明《易十翼》的不合于《易》上下经”。为此，他们重点讨论了《周易》经传的成书年代和作，《周易》经传的性质及关系，孔子与《周易》经传，《周易》一书的结构等问题。这些讨论对于传统易学造成了极大冲击。从学术发展史的立场看，他们的考证难免有疑古过勇之讥。但其求真的精神和实证的方法却对本世纪中国学术产生了深远的影响。     

高等院校档案网络化管理的研究与应用

随着我国高等教育的迅速发展，高校规模的不断扩大，高校档案管理的网络化、信息化、智能化成为发展的趋势，如何进行高校档案管理成为各高校迫切需要解决的问题。本文从高校档案管理的现状着手，分析了网络化管理的必要性，对网络化管理模式的可行性进行了论证，并对高校档案网络化管理中可能出现的问题提出应对措施，为高校档案网络化管理模式的实施提供了借鉴。     

网络文化与高校图书馆德育教育

网络文化是现代科学技术发展的结晶，对大学生的成长有着重要的影响作用，它既可以使大学生从中获取新的知识，丰富业余生活，也能够对其产生诸多负面影响。高校图书馆应发挥自身优势，真正使互联网成为图书馆对大学生进行德育教育的重要阵地。     

师范生素质培养须正确处理的几个关系

本文认为师范生素质培养须正确处理以下四个方面的关系：正确处理思想政治素质和文化素质的关系，把思想政治素质教育放在首位；正确处理科学素质和人文素质的关系，加强人文素质教育；正确处理专业知识教学和教学能力、教师素质培养的关系，注重素质的提高；正确处理师范性与通识教育的关系，加强通识教育。     

中等职业学校实施创业教育的途径探析

创业教育是现代职业学校的一项新内容。加强创业教育，培养学生良好的创业品质，使学生掌握创业的基本知识和技能是关系职校学生前途的重大问题。当前，我国职业学校实施创业教育还存在许多问题，为解决这些问题，有必要对职业学校实施创业教育的方法途径进行探讨，以利于职业学校更好地实施创业教育。     

关于高职院校创业教育中的理财实训建设

面对我国高等教育从精英阶段到大众阶段转变而出现的大学生就业难的严峻局面，高职院校实施创业教育已刻不容缓。这里应把提高学生的创业素质和创业技能，包括理财能力放在突出位置．同时，高职院校加强理财实训建设应正确处理好就业与创业以及理财中的“专心致志”和“博闻广识”之间的关系。     

Selection for special education services: the role of gender and socio-economic status

Children from some demographic groups disproportionately receive special education (SE) services. Due to methodological shortcoming in existing work, it remains unclear whether this is due to real differences in academic needs or cultural selection/bias. Hence, in a community sample of 1250 Norwegian children, we examined the role of third grade SE services, academic test scores, behavioural problems, and teacher’s level of helplessness in mediating the effect of family socio-economic status (SES) and students’ gender on fifth-grade SE services. Results revealed no direct effects of either gender or SES on fifth-grade SE, but four mediated pathways were identified: (1) Boys had a greater likelihood of receiving fifth-grade SE services when (a) they previously received SE and (b) they experienced more ADHD symptoms, both in third grade. (2) Students from low-SES families were more likely to receive SE services in fifth grade when (a) they performed poorly in math in third grade and (b) their teacher reported greater feelings of helplessness when teaching these students. The findings are discussed with respect to the differential-needs hypothesis, mechanisms of cultural selection and the possibility of gendered selection for SE at younger ages.