Muscle force characteristics of male and female collegiate cross-country runners during overground running

ABSTRACT

Males and females demonstrate unique running mechanics that may contribute to sex-related differences in common running related injuries. Understanding differences in muscle forces during running may inform intervention approaches, such as gait retraining addressing muscle force distribution. The purpose of this study was to compare muscle force characteristics and inter-trial variability between males and females during running. Twenty female and 14 male collegiate cross-country runners were examined. Three-dimensional kinetic and kinematic data were collected during overground running and used to estimate muscle forces via musculoskeletal modelling. Principle components analysis was used to capture the primary sources of variance from the muscle force waveforms. The magnitude of the forces for the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were higher across the majority of stance in male runners regardless of footstrike pattern. Males also demonstrated greater inter-trial variability in the timing of the peak gluteus maximus force and the magnitude of local peaks in the gastrocnemius force waveform. Male and female collegiate cross-country runners appear to employ unique lower extremity muscle force characteristics during overground running.     

乡村人口收缩背景下经济发达地区村庄用地演变：以江苏省常熟市为例

在乡村人口收缩背景下,部分地区村庄用地规模持续增长。为研究这一现象,以经济发达的江苏省常熟市为例,基于2009-2013年土地利用变更调查数据,结合多时相高清卫星影像识别村庄用地类型,阐释村庄用地的演变特征,并从土地供需角度探究村庄用地持续扩张的机制。将村庄用地划分为村庄商服住宅用地、村庄工业用地和其他村庄用地3类。分析结果表明：1）2009-2013年,常熟市村庄工业用地净增量占比53.92%,是乡村空间扩展的主要原因,商服住宅用地净增量占17.88%,且以住宅用地的增长为主;2）常熟市村庄住宅用地持续增长主要源于地方政府对农村社区建设用地补偿过量,村庄工业用地的快速扩张则主要源于乡村工业化的持续推进、企业生产利益追逐及地方政府对财税和经济增长的追求。乡村价值回归提升趋势下,人口收缩的乡村发展转型和土地节约集约利用势在必行。乡村生活空间合理集中化、生产空间进一步集约化、保留和改善生态空间,从而实现乡村“三生一体”。     

Visual function,performance, and processing of basketball players vs. sedentary individuals

BackgroundAthletes tend to have better visuo-motor performance than do sedentary individuals. However, several basic visual-function and perceptual parameters remain unexplored to date. In this study, we investigated whether differences exist in visual function, performance, and processing between basketball players and individuals without a sport-involvement background.MethodsA total of 33 healthy men with no visual impairment or pathology were divided into 2 groups, depending on the involvement in sport (semi-professional basketball players and sedentary individuals). We tested their baseline heart-rate variability in the resting position apart from subjective questionnaires to determine their physical fitness level, and we checked their visual function, performance, and processing through an extended battery of optometric tests.ResultsThe 2 groups differed in resting heart-rate variability parameters (p < 0.001), confirming their dissimilarities in regular time practising sports per week. The basketball players showed a closer breakpoint and recovery nearpoint of convergence, a higher fusional-vergence rate, better discriminability halos, and better eye–hand coordination (all p values < 0.05).ConclusionThese results show evidence that athletes, basketball players in this case, exhibit better performance in several visual abilities in comparison to a group of individuals without sporting backgrounds, suggesting an improvement due to the systematic involvement of those skills during basketball practice.     

有氧运动对大鼠心血管自主神经调节功能的影响

首先对心率变异性（HRV）和动脉压力反射敏感性（BRS）的测试分析方法进行了选取和改进,然后以正常大鼠为实验对象,观察比较尾动脉血压、脉搏、左室内压、心肌收缩力、心率变异性、动脉压力反射敏感性等指标在8周中等强度游泳运动组大鼠和和安静对照组大鼠之间的差异,旨在分析长期参加有氧运动对心血管自主神经调节功能的影响,为心血管自主神经平衡状态发生改变提供实验证据。研究发现,与对照组大鼠相比,运动组大鼠心肌出现肥大、心脏泵血功能增强、心交感神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性升高、心迷走神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性未受影响、心交感神经紧张性变异和心迷走神经紧张性变异程度均增加。研究结果提示,长期有氧运动可增强心血管自主神经的调节功能,使交感神经和副交感神经的协调与对抗关系在一个更高的功能层面上建立新的平衡。     

长拳第二套国际竞赛套路的空间结构及其合理性分析

文章采用文献资料法和录像资料分析法等方法,通过对长拳第二套国际竞赛套路各类动作及动作组合进行统计,从套路动作各个组成部分的空间搭配和排列、单个动作和组合动作的意义特征、整体动作的运行路线方面分析了其竞技性、观赏性、以及在反映武术本质和特点方面所达到的程度。结果发现,长拳第二套国际竞赛套路动作的运行路线往返交叉,变化多样,整体动作的组合流畅,动作有高、中、低三个空间位置的变化,基本能表现出起伏转折;很多动作有一定的技击性特征,能在一定程度上反映武术的内容和特点。不足之处在于,与竞技体育和竞技武术自选套路的现状相比,其跳跃动作的难度还不够,整体审美表现力还不够强。     

少年和成年业余长跑运动员急性耐力运动后心脏自主神经恢复观察研究

目的:观察少年和成年男子业余跑运动员一次急性耐力运动后心率变异(HRV)变化特征,并探讨运动后HRV变化生理学意义。方法:少年(14.4±1.3岁)与成年(25.7±2.8岁)受试者各10名,进行1次90min、强度为95%个体无氧阈强度跑台运动。在运动前、运动后15min以及运动后6h测定HRV。结果:运动后15min,TPLn、HFnu和HRV各时域指标明显低于运动前水平,LFnu和LF/HF显著升高;少年受试者HFnu降幅、LFnu和LF/HF升幅明显低于成年受试者(P<0.05)。运动后6h,HRV各指标均已恢复,其中,TPLn、SDNN、HFnu和RMSSD有反弹的迹象。运动后HFnu相对运动前的降幅与受试者年龄呈负相关关系(r=-0.645,P<0.01,n=20);另外,HFnu、TPLn相对运动前降低程度与运动前水平高度负相关(P<0.05,n=20)。结论:一次急性耐力运动后HRV出现短暂抑制现象,少年受试者运动后HRV降低幅度相对成年较低,可能与发育成熟度不同有关,急性运动后HRV变化可能是运动适应的生理表现。     

弱非局域介质中1+2维sech型损耗空间光孤子

应用变分法研究了1+2维sech型光束在含有小损耗且具有e指数响应的弱非局域非线性介质中的传输特性,得到了光束各参量的演化方程、演化规律和一个临界功率.在介质损耗足够小的前提下,当光束初始功率等于临界功率时,得到了一个除了产生相移外,束宽大小可近似保持不变的1+2维sech型损耗空间光孤子.     

游泳运动中静态阻力的数值模拟

针对前人对游泳运动中静态阻力的研究都是根据试验测量来进行的,引入一种新的分析方法--计算流体力学法,通过该方法,先建立人体简化几何模型,然后计算不同来流速度条件下处于水平俯卧状态下人体模型所受到的阻力,即静态阻力,同时计算静态阻力系数,并与前人的实验结果做对比分析.     

傅里叶系数教学与L^2空间理论

通过可展成傅里叶级数的函数所构成的无穷维内积空间与三维直角正交基所构成的普通三维空间的对比,解释了傅里叶级数中的傅里叶系数的来由.     

清江源头Streeter-Phelps模型分析

本文以清江源头为研究对象,利用室内碘量法实验获得针对清江源头附近的Streeter-Phelps模型的耗氧系数以及复氧系数,得到清江源头附近河段的氧垂曲线,根据曲线求得极限溶解氧、极限氧亏、极限距离,预测河水含氧量的变化。