跳远运动员下肢关节振动力量训练效果的比较研究

对10名跳远专项二级运动员8周系统的振动力量训练研究表明:在刺激频率为30～35 Hz、加速度25～30m/s2条件下,实验组(I组)和对照组(Ⅱ组)髋、膝、踝关节的伸屈肌群最大功都有不同程度提高,其中I组髋关节伸屈肌、膝、踝关节的屈肌最大功增长幅度比Ⅱ组大,屈肌最大功增长幅度比伸肌大,而且屈肌的最大功要比实验前呈现显著性增长;I组髋关节伸屈肌、膝关节屈肌、踝关节伸肌相对峰力矩的增值幅度比Ⅱ组大,而髋、膝、踝三个关节屈肌相对峰力矩增长幅度相对较小.髋、膝、踝关节肌力增长情况表明:髋关节前4周增长幅度较低,后4周增长幅度较高,呈现出明显的"先低后高"变化特征;而膝、踝关节前4周增长幅度较高,后4周提高幅度降低,呈现出明显的"先高后低"变化特征.     

混凝土梁抗扭性能分析及承载力修正公式

采用ABAQUS有限元软件对各种强度等级下各龄期钢筋混凝土梁的受扭性能进行分析。各龄期混凝土的本构关系采用塑性损伤模型,受拉指标采用断裂能。有限元分析结果表明:各龄期混凝土的抗扭承载力随龄期的增长而增长,开裂前早龄期混凝土梁的抗扭承载力主要由混凝土承担,钢筋的贡献很小;前3d是混凝土扭矩增长最快的主要时间段,开裂扭矩和极限扭矩达到28 d的60%左右。最后,根据有限元参数分析结果,在现行规范的基础上提出了早龄期混凝土梁开裂扭矩和极限扭矩的修正公式。     

Dynamic simulation and optimal control strategy for a parallel hybrid hydraulic excavator

The primary focus of this study is to investigate the control strategies of a hybrid system used in hydraulic excavators. First, the structure and evaluation target of hybrid hydraulic excavators are analyzed. Then the dynamic system model including batteries, motor and engine is built as the simulation environment to obtain control results. A so-called multi-work-point dynamic control strategy, which has both closed-loop speed PI （proportion integral） control and direct torque control, is proposed and studied in the simulation model. Simulation results indicate that the hybrid system with this strategy can meet the power demand and achieve better system stability and higher fuel efficiency.     

Kinetic analysis of the lower limbs in baseball tee batting

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of the ground reaction forces on the rotation of the body as a whole and on the joint torques of the lower limbs associated with trunk and pelvic rotation in baseball tee batting. A total of 22 male collegiate baseball players participated in this study. Three-dimensional coordinate data were acquired by a motion capture system (250 Hz), and ground reaction forces of both legs were measured with three force platforms (1,000 Hz). Kinetic data were used to calculate the moment about the vertical axis through the body’s centre of mass resulting from ground reaction forces, as well as to calculate the torque and mechanical work in the lower limb joints. The lateral/medial ground reaction force generated by both legs resulted in the large whole body moment about its vertical axis. The joint torques of flexion/extension of both hips, adduction of the stride hip and extension of the stride knee produced significantly larger mechanical work than did the other joint torques. To obtain high bat-head speed, the batter should push both legs in the lateral/medial direction by utilising both hips and stride knee torques so as to increase the whole body rotation.     

青年男子举重运动员肘关节屈伸肌群等速肌力特征

通过分析青年男子举重运动员肘关节屈伸肌群的力量参数,探讨肘关节屈伸肌群在举重专项训练中的作用,为预防肘关节损伤及科学训练提供理论依据。采用Cybex—Norm型等速测力与康复系统,在预定角速度90°／s．180°／s和300°／s下对上海举重队9名青年男子举重运动员肘关节进行等速向心屈伸肌力测试。结果发现举重运动员肘关节屈伸肌群相对峰力矩、相对总劝和相对平均功率随着运动速度的增大而减小,屈伸肌群峰力矩比值接近1．0。表明举重项目中肘关节屈伸肌群主要功能是维持运动中关节的稳定性,而两侧肘关节同名肌群肌力素质的不均衡性可能是阻碍专项能力韦黾高的重要因素和诱发运动性伤病的潜在因素。     

我国青少年网球运动员盂肱关节旋转等速肌力研究

应用Cybex-6000等速仪器分别对136名青少年网球运动员盂肱关节内、外旋转肌力进行等速向心肌力测试与评价,分析网球运动员优势臂盂肱关节等速向心肌力特征,比较双侧盂肱关节等速向心肌力差异,探索双侧盂肱关节外旋肌力/内旋肌力比值特征,从而完善网球运动员肩部运动生物力学及有关参数,以期能为探讨网球运动员肩关节损伤的生物力学因素、机制,进而为预防网球运动员肩关节损伤以及指导网球运动员肩关节伤后进行科学的康复训练提供理论依据.     

Analysis of elbow muscle strength parameters in Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners

Upper-body dynamic and isometric maximum strength are essential components for success in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). This study was aimed at analysing strength parameters in the elbow flexor and extensor muscles of BJJ practitioners. Participants (n = 28) performed maximum isometric contractions of elbow flexors and extensors to determine peak torque (PT), rate of force development (RFD), and the torque–angle (T–A) relationship at elbow angles of 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°. Additionally, concentric and eccentric PTs were measured at 1.04 rad·s^-1. Student t-test and ANOVA were performed using α = 0.05. Elbow flexors were stronger isometrically (P < 0.001, ES = 1.23) but weaker concentrically (P < 0.05, ES = 0.54) than extensor muscles, possibly because of the extensive grip disputes and pushing of opponents in BJJ. The T–A relationship had an inverted “U”-shape. Torque differences across elbow angles were moderate (ES = 0.62) for the extensor and large (ES = 0.92) for the flexor muscles. Isometric torque was greatest for elbow angles of 105° and 75° and smallest for 45° and 120° for extensor and flexor muscles, respectively. Elbow flexors had a greater RFD than extensors, regardless of elbow angle. The present study provides comprehensive results for elbow muscle strength in BJJ practitioners.     

异步电动机的交流传动试验平台

为满足港航交流传动与变频电源的试验研究需要,设计异步电动机模拟负载能量回馈方式的交流传动试验平台.该试验平台由电源子系统、传动子系统和测试子系统等3部分组成,结合高精度转矩传感器和转矩控制策略,可为被试系统提供6种电压等级,能进行船舶与港口电气传动控制系统试验、交流传动系统电能质量试验、中小船舶电力推进系统陆上联调、变频电源综合试验等研究.结果表明,该试验平台电能消耗少;功能、性能方面能满足港航传动系统的需求;可为港航领域大功率交流传动系统的研制开发提供试验环境和技术支撑.     

汽车半轴断裂失效机理的分析与探讨

汽车半轴在汽车运行中受力复杂,易损坏引发安全事故。针对标致307前驱动半轴所发生的突然断裂,分析了半轴断裂的机理,并从设计、制造和结构方面阐述了断裂失效的可能性,进而判定半轴是以疲劳断裂为主的失效模式。在此基础上,提出了防范和改进措施,以达到减少此类断裂失效的目的。     

Comparison of lower limb kinetics during vertical jumps in turnout and neutral foot positions by classical ballet dancers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hip external rotation (turnout) on lower limb kinetics during vertical jumps by classical ballet dancers. Vertical jumps in a turnout (TJ) and a neutral hip position (NJ) performed by 12 classical female ballet dancers were analysed through motion capture, recording of the ground reaction forces, and inverse dynamics analysis. At push-off, the lower trunk leaned forward 18.2° and 20.1° in the TJ and NJ, respectively. The dancers jumped lower in the TJ than in the NJ. The knee extensor and hip abductor torques were smaller, whereas the hip external rotator torque was larger in the TJ than in the NJ. The work done by the hip joint moments in the sagittal plane was 0.28 J/(Body mass*Height) and 0.33 J/(Body mass*Height) in the TJ and NJ, respectively. The joint work done by the lower limbs were not different between the two jumps. These differences resulted from different planes in which the lower limb flexion–extension occurred, i.e. in the sagittal or frontal plane. This would prevent the forward lean of the trunk by decreasing the hip joint work in the sagittal plane and reduce the knee extensor torque in the jump.