脊髓损伤运动员营养与医学护理需求

运用文献综述法将近10余年国内外有关脊髓损伤运动员合理膳食与医学护理的文献加以总结,并提出相应建议。合理膳食部分包括:脊髓损伤运动员能量需求与钙的补充两方面内容。医学护理部分主要包括:脊髓损伤运动员褥疮的防治,泌尿系统疾病的防治,排便障碍与管理,肌肉痉挛的防治等四方面内容。     

疲劳恢复与心理肌肉放松

在体育教学和运动训练中往往会产生疲劳现象,而对于疲劳的恢复训练相对容易忽视没能达到真正理想的效果。通过列出几种疲劳恢复的方法,主要围绕一种方法——心理肌肉放松训练法,对它的生理机理的研究,通过实验检验,在教学和训练中采用这种方法,能有效消除心理疲劳和身体肌肉疲劳。     

Physical fitness predicts the academic achievement over one-school year follow-up period in adolescents

The purposes of this study were to examine how fitness at the baseline could predict both academic achievement and academic achievement changes one school year in advance. A total of 194 adolescents (mean age: 14.15 ± 0.97 years old, 112 boys) who attended secondary school participated in our study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with the 20 m endurance shuttle-run test. We also assessed the lower-limbs muscular strength with the standing long jump test and flexibility with the sit-and-reach test. The academic achievement was assessed by school grades. We performed linear regression analyses. Additionally, we examined the relationship between fitness and changes in the academic performance following the same statistical methodology. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with mathematics one school year in advance (p = 0.025). Cardiorespiratory fitness was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.005), mathematics (p = 0.023), and the grade point average (p = 0.006). Muscular strength was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.040) and mathematics (p = 0.010), while flexibility was associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.039) and the grade point average (0.027). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with academic achievement in adolescents.     

Fatness and fitness in relation to functional movement quality in overweight and obese children

This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined associations between several fatness indicators and fitness components with functional movement quality in overweight/obese children. A total of 56 children (33 girls, aged 8–12) classified as overweight/obese according to the World Obesity Federation standard cut points, participated in this study. Participants underwent assessments of fatness [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectrical impedance measures], fitness [1 repetition maximum bench and leg press, and ALPHA test battery], and functional movement quality [4 tests from Functional Movement Screen ^TM (FMS)]. All fatness outcomes, except waist circumference, were negatively associated with total FMS score, after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscle strength, and speed-agility were positively associated with the total FMS score, regardless of BMI. Our results suggest that children with greater fatness indicators demonstrate lower functional movement quality independently of their fitness level, whereas children with better fitness level (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscular strength, and speed-agility) demonstrate greater functional movement quality independently of their fatness level. However, children´s weight status seems to be more determinant than their fitness level in terms of functional movement quality, whereas being fit seems to moderately attenuate the negative influence of fatness.     

Effect of the level of effort during resistance training on intraocular pressure

Background: We aimed to evaluate the influence of the level of effort during four basic resistance exercises leading to muscular failure on intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion (OPP), as well as the role of exercise type and sex. Methods: Twenty-five young adults (12 women) performed 10 repetitions against their 10-RM (repetition maximum) load in the squat, military press, biceps curl and calf raise exercises. IOP was measured before, during and after exercise, whereas OPP was indirectly assessed before and after each exercise. Results: There was a progressive IOP rise during exercise (p?η²?=?0.531), which was dependent on exercise type (p?=?0.020, η²?=?0.125). The squat exercise induced higher IOP increments in comparison to the other exercises (corrected p-values?p-values?=?0.012 and 0.002). OPP exhibited a significant reduction when leading to muscular failure (p?=?0.001, η²?=?0.364), being statistically significant for the squat and military press exercises (corrected p-values?=?0.037 and 0.047). No effect of sex was found for IOP and OPP (p?>?0.05). Conclusions: A single set of resistance training leading to muscular failure causes an instantaneous and progressive IOP rise in healthy young individuals. These IOP rises depend on exercise type (squat?>?military press?=?biceps curl?>?calf raise), but not on participant´s sex. OPP diminished as a consequence of performing resistance training exercise, being statistically significant for the squat and military press exercises. Future studies should include glaucoma patients aiming to corroborate the generalizability of our findings.     

Implementing a school-based physical activity program: process evaluation and impact on teachers’ confidence,perceived barriers and self-perceptions

Introduction: Secondary schools have the potential to promote health-related fitness (HRF) and physical activity within and outside school hours. As such, schools are often chosen as the setting to implement child and adolescent physical activity programs. School-based programs often utilise teachers as delivery agents, but few studies examine effects on teacher-level outcomes.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to determine the impact of teacher training embedded within a physical activity intervention on teacher-level outcomes. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate process data, including implementation, satisfaction and fidelity.

Methods: Resistance Training for Teens (RT for Teens) was evaluated using a cluster randomised controlled trial in 16 secondary schools. Teachers (N?=?44; 48% female/52% male; mean?±?SD years teaching experience?=?10.6?±?8.0) from 16 secondary schools were assessed at baseline. Intervention group teachers (i.e. from eight schools) delivered a structured school-based physical activity program over 10-weeks. Teacher outcomes included confidence to teach health-related fitness (HRF) activities, perceived barriers to teaching HRF activities, and perceived fitness. Detailed process evaluation data were also collected. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 6-months (post-program), and outcomes were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results: There was a positive group-by-time effect for the confidence composite score (p?=?.010, partial eta squared?=?0.29), but no effects for the two (contextual, interpersonal) barrier composite scores. Also, there was a significant effect for perceived ‘general fitness’ (p?=?0.044, partial eta squared?=?0.13), but not for specific fitness subdomains. Teachers were highly satisfied with both the training and the program, believing it was beneficial for students. Resource usage and adherence to the SAAFE (Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair, Enjoyable) delivery principles was high.

Conclusion: RT for Teens improved teachers’ confidence and perceived fitness. These findings highlight the potential for high-quality teacher training and program delivery to positively influence teacher-level outcomes. This may provide support for the use of teacher professional development to improve HRF-related pedagogy.     

夹钳自锁式脊柱内固定器治疗胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤

目的：分析并通过临床验证夹钳自锁装置在脊柱后路手术中所表现出的优越性．方法：用夹钳自锁装置治疗胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤．通过术前术后伤椎高度及畸形角的对比,及按Ｆｌａｎｋｅｌ标准评定术前术后神经功能的变化．结果：所有骨折脱位均得到满意的复位和固定;椎体高度得到有效的恢复;畸形角在最大限度上得以纠正．２例完全瘫神经功能无改善, ９例不完全瘫患者神经功能均有 Ｆｒａｎｋｅｌ一级以上恢复．对术后 １年的病例复查Ｘ片,未见畸形角纠正后丧失。结论：夹钳自锁式脊柱内固定器治疗胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤,对脊柱畸形角度的纠正及伤椎高度的恢复可达到近解剖复位．并且由于有使椎弓根钉及连接杆锁定的功能,故从根本上解决术后松动,从而能更好地解除脊髓压迫．临床疗效表明夹钳自锁式脊柱内固定器是治疗胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤较为理想的手段．     

肌肉收缩张力与收缩速度基本关系阐释

肌肉收缩张力与收缩速度的关系是肌肉力学中最重要的关系。Hill方程描述的“张力愈大 ,收缩速度愈小”和通常认为的“肌肉力量愈大 ,收缩速度愈大”恰好相反。本文给出这一悖论的阐释 ,以正确指导运动员进行肌肉力量训练     

短跑支撑阶段运动生物力学分析

采用测力、高速录像及特殊的数据平滑处理方法研究短跑运动员途中跑技术的运动学和动力学特征,进行田径技术原理的探索。结果表明,支撑时期可以分为着地阶段和蹬伸阶段,蹬伸阶段可分前蹬,后蹬前段,后蹬后段。途中跑前蹬段是人体重心垂直方向向上加速的重要时刻,前蹬时下肢一定程度的垂直加速用力虽影响水平速度,但对提高垂直速度有积极意义,前蹬和后蹬前段是身体重心垂直向上加速运动的阶段。着地缓冲后的前蹬用力也是实现良好成绩的技术之一。途中跑着地和前蹬阶段失去的水平速度损失完全可以从后蹬中得到补充。着地点过近对前支撑阶段获得重要的垂直速度不利,支撑阶段离地前的20ms身体重心速度已经开始下降。     

髌股疼痛症运动员的等速股四头肌特性与“适宜关节角度下肌力增强的设想”

通过对10名髌股疼痛症运动员和18名正常对照者运动员双侧股四头肌等速肌力测试,发现髌股疼痛运动员的股四头肌峰力矩值下降,慢速运动时尤为显著;患侧腘绳肌/肌四头肌肌力比值较健侧明显降低;患侧肌力下降作自身健侧对照有统计学意义。通过讨论认为 Cybex 慢速测试对检出股四头肌肌力减弱较敏感;髌股疼痛因素对等速肌力测试结果影响不大;髌股疼痛患者大腿屈伸肌有肌力不平衡因素存在。同时提出在“适宜关节角度下肌肉力量增强的设想”,并详细解释了该设想的具体内容。