实践的自由与美的范畴

人，作为个体的生存，从实践（以物质生产为中心）出发才逐步生成，而在实足走向创造的过程中，人们才不断达到一定的自由境界。正是人的实践－创造的自由使自然人化，人也人化，从而产生出人对现实的审美关系；这种审美关系体现对象之上就是美，而体现在人本身之上则是美感。人类的实践－创造的自由同样是一个历时性的过程和一个共时性的结构，因此，它不仅有不同的自由程度和不同的自由境界，而且还有自由，反自由，不自由，准自由等几个维度；与这些不同的自由给度相关便形成了美，丑，柔美，刚美，悲剧性，喜剧性，滑稽，幽默的相应的美的范畴，并形成各个美的范畴之间的过渡，转化，对应等关系，从而形成一个完整的美的范畴体系。     

脊柱转动电测试仪的研制和应用研究

运用人机工程学原理设计了人体头颈和腰椎转动传感器,完成了脊柱转动辐度电测试仪的研制和标定。运用该仪器对青年组、老年组分别进行了头颈和腰左、右转动幅度的实测。研究结果得出,人体脊柱转动辐度与年龄呈密切负相关;运动可以改善老年人腰及头颈的柔韧性     

吊环十字支撑动作的力学和肌电研究

吊环十字支撑是高级体操运动员在比赛中不可缺少的静止用力动作。运用力学和肌电对此动作进行研究,探索出完成动作的必要条件,由此确定正确的训练方法和有效程度,为广大高级体操教练员与运动员在制定训练计划与实施中提出有价值的参考。     

Deletion analysis of SMN1 and NAIP genes in southern Chinese children with spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a disorder characterized by degeneration of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar motor neurons leading to progressive limb and trunk paralysis as well as muscular atrophy. Three types of SMA are recognized depending on the age of onset, the maximum muscular activity achieved, and survivorship: SMA1, SMA2, and SMA3. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene has been identified as an SMA determining gene, whereas the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene is considered to be a modifying factor of the severity of SMA. The main objective of this study was to analyze the deletion of SMN1 and NAIP genes in southern Chinese children with SMA. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to detect the deletion of both exon 7 and exon 8 of SMN1 and exon 5 of NAIP in 62 southern Chinese children with strongly suspected clinical symptoms of SMA. All the 32 SMA1 patients and 76% (13/17) of SMA2 patients showed homozygous deletions for exon 7 and exon 8, and all the 13 SMA3 patients showed single deletion of SMN1 exon 7 along with 24% (4/17) of SMA2 patients. Eleven out of 32 (34%) SMA1 patients showed NAIP deletion, and none of SMA2 and SMA3 patients was found to have NAIP deletion. The findings of homozygous deletions of exon 7 and/or exon 8 of SMN1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of SMA, and suggested that the deletion of SMN1 exon 7 is a major cause of SMA in southern Chinese children, and that the NAIP gene may be a modifying factor for disease severity of SMA1. The molecular diagnosis system based on PCR-RFLP analysis can conveniently be applied in the clinical testing, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of SMA. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. J0710043), and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. 2007C33049), China     

Analysis of the training load during a hypertrophy-type resistance training programme in men and women

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the specific training load during a resistance training (RT) programme designed to increase muscular hypertrophy in men and women. Thirty-four women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg, 162.6 ± 6.2 cm and 22.1 ± 3.6 kg.m^?2) and 30 men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg, 174.5 ± 6.6 cm and 22.5 ± 2.4 kg.m^?2) underwent a supervised RT programme that was divided into two phases of 8 weeks each. Training consisted of 10–12 exercises performed with three sets of 8–12 repetitions at repetition maximum resistances performed 3 times per week on nonconsecutive days. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main effect for gender by time interaction for average training load of all the exercises performed in the first 8 weeks of RT with women showing a higher relative increase than men (+43.6% vs. +32.5%, respectively). This result was not observed during the second 8-week phase of the RT programme during which no significant gender by time interaction (P > 0.05) was shown with both genders having a similar relative increase (+28.7% vs. +24.3%, respectively). Women had a higher increase than men in specific average training load of the upper limb exercises during both the first 8 weeks of training (+30.2% vs. +26.6%, respectively) and the second 8 weeks of training (+31.1% vs. +25.3%, respectively). We conclude that the adaptation in specific training load is influenced by gender.     

Grip and Forearm Position Effects on Tests of Static and Dynamic Upper Body Endurance

Abstract

The effects of grip and forearm position on two tests of upper body muscular endurance were investigated in 109 male subjects 18–21 years of age. Subjects were systematically presented 12 tasks: six pull-up and six straight-arm hang grip and forearm variations. Each of the six tasks for both endurance tests represented a different combination of grip (thumb over bar and thumb under bar) and forearm position (pronated, supinated and semi-pronated). Task results were analyzed utilizing 2 × 3 (grip × forearm) ANOVA with repeated measures on the two factors. Analysis of pull-up data revealed that the semi-pronated and supinated forearm positions were not statistically different from each other, but superior to the pronated condition. Results of straight-arm hang performance revealed a significant difference between grips at the semi-pronated position, with the “thumb under bar” being superior. Results for forearm positions at grips indicated a significant difference for the “thumb under bar,” with the pronated and semi-pronated positions being superior to the supinated position. For forearm positions at “thumb over bar,” the pronated condition was significantly different from the semi-pronated and supinated positions. Thumb position trends and kinesiological mechanical analysis did foster general recommendations for use of the “thumb over bar” for pull-ups and the “thumb under bar” position for the straight-arm hang.     

Test–retest reliability of a battery of field-based health-related fitness measures for adolescents

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of existing tests of health-related fitness. Participants (mean age 14.8 years, s = 0.4) were 42 boys and 26 girls who completed the study assessments on two occasions separated by one week. The following tests were conducted: bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to calculate percent body fat, leg dynamometer, 90° push-up, 7-stage sit-up, and wall squat tests. Intra-class correlation (ICC), paired samples t-tests, and typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation were calculated. The mean percent body fat intra-class correlation coefficient was similar for boys (ICC = 0.95) and girls (ICC = 0.93), but the mean coefficient of variation was considerably higher for boys than girls (22.2% vs. 12.2%). The boys' coefficients of variation for the tests of muscular fitness ranged from 9.0% for the leg dynamometer test to 26.5% for the timed wall squat test. The girls' coefficients of variation ranged from 17.1% for the sit-up test to 21.4% for the push-up test. Although the BIA machine produced reliable estimates of percent body fat, the tests of muscular fitness resulted in high systematic error, suggesting that these measures may require an extensive familiarization phase before the results can be considered reliable.     

Markers of isometric training intensity and reductions in resting blood pressure

Abstract

In this study, we examined the correlations between selected markers of isometric training intensity and subsequent reductions in resting blood pressure. Thirteen participants performed a discontinuous incremental isometric exercise test to volitional exhaustion at which point mean torque for the final 2-min stage (2min-torque_peak) and peak heart rate peak (HR_peak) were identified. Also, during 4 weeks of training (3 sessions per week, comprising 4 × 2 min bilateral leg isometric exercise at 95% HR_peak), heart rate (HR_train), torque (Torque_train), and changes in EMG amplitude (ΔEMG_amp) and frequency (ΔEMG_freq) were determined. The markers of training intensity were: Torque_train relative to the 2min-torque_peak (%2min-torque_peak), EMG relative to EMG_peak (%EMG_peak), HR_train ΔEMG_amp, ΔEMG_freq, and %MVC. Mean systolic (?4.9 mmHg) and arterial blood pressure (?2.7mmHg) reductions correlated with %2min-torque_peak (r = ?0.65, P = 0.02 and r = ?0.59, P = 0.03), ΔEMG_amp (r = 0.66, P = 0.01 and r = 0.59, P = 0.03), ΔEMG_freq (r = ?0.67, P = 0.01 and r = ?0.64, P = 0.02), and %EMG_peak (systolic blood pressure only; r = ?0.63, P = 0.02). These markers best reflect the association between isometric training intensity and reduction in resting blood pressure observed after bilateral leg isometric exercise training.     

脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）与运动性脊髓损伤

目前,有关运动性脊髓损伤的研究尚不充分,而且对其损伤机制和治疗方法也没有取得较好的研究进展。随着研究的深入,发现脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）对促进神经元的存活、受损轴突和神经的再生发挥着重要作用。BDNF转基因疗法将给运动性脊髓损伤的修复和治疗带来巨大的潜力。文章通过分析BDNF及其受体的生物学特性、运动性脊髓损伤的病理特征,为制定运动性脊髓损伤的BDNF基因治疗提供理论基础。     

EMS技术在国家举重队奥运攻关与科技服务中的应用研究

肌肉电刺激技术 (EMS)是现代力量训练和康复医学的有效手段 ,运用该方法在国家举重队进行了近 10年不间断的力量训练与训练后的肌肉恢复攻关研究 ,并总结了第 2 6届和第 2 7届奥运会备战中运用EMS技术与杠铃训练手段相结合的攻关训练情况 ,研究认为 :1) EMS技术与杠铃训练相结合的组合力量训练方法 ,是提高肌肉最大力量和快速力量的有效手段和方法 ,是高水平举重运动员提高专项力量的新的训练途径。 2 ) EMS肌肉力量训练法可准确有效地提高专项运动关键环节工作肌群的最大力量与快速力量。 3)EMS肌肉力量训练法是肌肉放松、防伤治伤的有效手段之一。 4) EMS肌肉力量训练法 ,是肌肉肌腱拉伤、撕裂后康复训练和专项力量训练中有十分显著效果的训练方法与手段 ,可大大缩短康复过程 ,保证训练进程。