Reliability and validity of the Myotest® for measuring running stride kinematics

Accelerometer-based systems are often used to quantify human movement. This study’s aim was to assess the reliability and validity of the Myotest® accelerometer-based system for measuring running stride kinematics. Twenty habitual runners ran two 60 m trials at 12, 15, 18 and 21 km·h^?1. Contact time, aerial time and step frequency parameters from six consecutive running steps of each trial were extracted using Myotest® data. Between-trial reproducibility of measures was determined by comparing kinematic parameters from the two runs performed at the same speed. Myotest® measures were compared against photocell-based (Optojump Next®) and high-frequency video data to establish concurrent validity. The Myotest®-derived parameters were highly reproducible between trials at all running speeds (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.886 to 0.974). Compared to the photo-cell and high-speed video-based measures, the mean contact times from the Myotest® were 34% shorter and aerial times were 64% longer. Only step frequency was comparable between systems and demonstrated high between-system correlation (ICC ≥ 0.857). The Myotest® is a practical portable device that is reliable for measuring contact time, aerial time and step frequency during running. In terms of validity, it provides accurate step frequency measures but underestimates contact time and overestimates aerial time compared to photocell- and optical-based systems.     

‘The Sole Anti-Democratic Federation in the Entire Olympic Movement’: Early International Association of Athletics Federations Development Initiatives Between Commercialization and Democratization, 1974–1987

Abstract

Studies on the development of Olympic Solidarity as a tool of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to enable National Olympic Committees of developing countries access to resources and influence in the Olympic Movement exist. However, historical scholarship has relatively neglected the development of aid programs by International Federations to explain how they made use of resources to gain influence in international sport politics. Based on extensive multi-national and multi-lingual archival research in the archives of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) and the German Sport University Cologne, this article explores the establishment and development of the IAAF‘s Technical Aid Program, which had been installed in 1974. Referencing a large amount of previously unknown protocols and written correspondence, the paper critically discusses the IAAF‘s development activities in light of two parallel occurring processes that shaped the federation’s character in the 1970s and 1980s decisively: its increasing commercialization and its path towards democratization in its voting system. It is argued that the IAAF development programs served as a tool to enforce commercial and sport political interests whilst the nature of support remained without clear guidance until the mid-1980s.     

多媒体和网络技术在物理教学中的应用与研究

通过对多媒体和网络技术应用于实验教学、课堂教学和对不同水平学生培养的实验案例研究说明。在物理教学中适时的引入信息技术对提高学生的学习效粜譬有帮助的，尤其是对于中等学生和差生，效果显著。     

中职模具制造技术专业UG NX课程翻转课堂实施策略探讨

目前,国内外翻转课堂已有众多比较成熟的模式可资借鉴。但是,具体到特定的专业(学科)、课程、班级和教学内容,却不能照搬现成模式和他人经验,而必须进行适当性的改造和调整。笔者选取中职模具制造技术专业UG NX课程,梳理其教学背景,探讨实施翻转课堂的必要性和可行性,通过4次课8课时的翻转课堂实践,总结出"促进前置学习""遵循小步子原则""组织分层教学"等策略,为中职专业课翻转课堂提供参考借鉴和研究案例。     

基于LonWorks技术的智能抄表系统

介绍一种基于LonWorks技术的智能抄表系统．它采用LonWorks技术，通过LonWorks网络将采集到的三表数据传输到三表管理中心，操作通过简单的操作即可随时进行数据采集、计费订单、系统监测、控制等工作，真正实现了智能远程抄表．     

基于信息技术的高校内部审计及其实现架构研究

高等院校内部审计是其内设的审计机构从内部对其财务收支的真实性、合法性和效益性进行的审计监督。本文介绍了内部审计的概念、国内外现状与发展,剖析了高等院校内部审计的特点,比较了传统的内部审计与基于信息技术的内部审计,分析了信息技术在内部审计中的重要作用,提出了基于信息技术的高等院校内部审计的实现架构,对实现普通高等院校和高职高专院校内部审计的信息化具有一定的指导意义。     

山东省会城市群经济圈科技投入与产出评价体系研究

通过构建科技创新体系评价指标,研究山东省会城市群经济圈科技投入与发展现状。运用熵值法确定指标 权重,对科技创新的核心因素进行深入分析,结合聚类分析法对经济圈内各地市的科技投入与产出情况进行比较评价 和分类研究,并给出提升经济圈科技投入与产出水平的对策建议。     

淄博市科技服务业发展的宏观环境因素分析

随着科技服务业在推动我国经济转型发展过程中扮演的角色越来越重要,越来越多的专家、学者开始关注 如何更好地将科技服务与区域产业特色有效结合,从而促进地方经济快速高效发展,但是多集中于北京、上海等大城 市研究,对三线、四线中小城市研究不足。本文结合宏观环境分析法（PEST）的方法理论,从政治、经济、社会、技术 四个纬度对淄博市科技服务业面临的宏观发展现状及环境进行简要剖析,找出存在的问题,并结合淄博市实际情况提 出了相应的行业发展对策建议。     

跨国公司技术转移研究评述

跨国公司是影响世界经济发展和技术进步的重要力量。本文通过对1960年代以来国内外学术界有关跨国公司技术转移影响东道国或地区经济增长和技术进步的理论和实证研究成果进行细致的分析和梳理发现:整体上看,跨国公司的直接投资对东道国或地区经济增长和技术进步的影响是不确定的。在很多情况下,跨国公司的技术控制会造成东道国或地区企业长期的技术依赖。更重要的是,学术界一直缺乏基于提高东道国或地区技术创新能力视角的研究,更缺乏精确度量技术转移程度的指标体系,而这正是我们全面、客观、科学评价跨国公司技术转移和技术扩散的出发点。     

Determining optimal cadence for an individual road cyclist from field data

The cadence that maximises power output developed at the crank by an individual cyclist is conventionally determined using a laboratory test. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (i) to show that such a cadence, which we call the optimal cadence, can be determined using power output, heart-rate, and cadence measured in the field and (ii) to describe methodology to do so. For an individual cyclist's sessions, power output is related to cadence and the elicited heart-rate using a non-linear regression model. Optimal cadences are found for two riders (83 and 70 revolutions per minute, respectively); these cadences are similar to the riders’ preferred cadences (82–92?rpm and 65–75?rpm). Power output reduces by approximately 6% for cadences 20?rpm above or below optimum. Our methodology can be used by a rider to determine an optimal cadence without laboratory testing intervention: the rider will need to collect power output, heart-rate, and cadence measurements from training and racing sessions over an extended period (>6 months); ride at a range of cadences within those sessions; and calculate his/her optimal cadence using the methodology described or a software tool that implements it.