芬兰、德国、中国版糖尿病风险筛查量表的比较及中国版量表的修订

摘要：目的：1）选择芬兰版糖尿病风险筛查量表、德国版糖尿病风险筛查量表、中国版糖尿病风险筛查量表,对同一批研究对象进行筛查,以评价3个量表在中国糖尿病筛查中的应用效果;2）对中国版糖尿病风险筛查量表进行修订。方法：选取北京某医院参与日常体检者,对其进行问卷调查;由经过培训的调查人员对其进行测量,并记录其年龄、性别、身高、体重、腰围、臀围等形态指标以及空腹血浆葡萄糖和餐后2 h血浆葡萄糖指标。用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）的曲线下面积（AUC）反应筛查方法的准确度;用约登指数反应不同累计分值对目标人群筛检的效果。结果：1）芬兰版、德国版、中国版量表的AUC分别为0.770（95%CI：0.707~0.826,P<0.0001）、0.658（95%CI：0.589~0.722,P=0.0001）和0.819（95%CI：0.760~0.869,P<0.0001）;2）中国改编版量表的AUC为0.814（95%CI：0.755~0.865,P<0.0001）。结论：1）中国版量表的筛查效果优于芬兰版和德国版量表,较适用于中国人群的糖尿病筛查;2）中国改编版量表包括年龄、BMI、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、体力活动、DM家族史和高血糖史共8个条目（评分范围为0~124分）,它具有较好的筛查效果,适用于中国人群的糖尿病筛查。     

体育归因方式量表的编制

通过访谈、开放式问卷等方法,编制了适合体育领域的归因方式问卷（Attributional Style Questionnaire,简称ASQ）。对量表的探索性因素分析结果表明：归因方式主要由内外源、稳定性、控制性3个因素构成。     

球场观众不合理认知观念的理论研究

探讨球场观众不舍理认知观念问题,首先,从理论上界定了"球场观众不合理认知观念",并通过质性研究总结出其6个特征,即绝对化、灾难化、面子优先、情绪化、群体化和过度概括;其次,根据ABC理论,对球场观众不合理认知观念进行理论建构;最后,对国内、外观念量表现状进行综述,并主要阐述了球场观众不合理认知观念量表编制的思路.     

土地经营对中国城市空间扩张的驱动机制——基于273个地级市的实证分析

分税制改革后,地方政府采取"以地生财、以财养地"的城市土地经营模式,凭借土地出让获取土地收益,并用于城市基础设施等城市建设投资,以推动城市经济发展,但土地经营对城市规模的空间扩张机制仍有待理清.基于地方政府土地收益和城市建设投资两个维度,本文构建了中国地方政府土地经营驱动的城市空间扩张理论逻辑,选择2003-2017年...     

Effects of heat acclimation on hand cooling efficacy following exercise in the heat

This study examined the separate and combined effects of heat acclimation and hand cooling on post-exercise cooling rates following bouts of exercise in the heat. Seventeen non-heat acclimated (NHA) males (mean ± SE; age, 23 ± 1 y; mass, 75.30 ± 2.27 kg; maximal oxygen consumption [VO₂ max], 54.1 ± 1.3 ml·kg^?1·min^?1) completed 2 heat stress tests (HST) when NHA, then 10 days of heat acclimation, then 2 HST once heat acclimated (HA) in an environmental chamber (40°C; 40%RH). HSTs were 2 60-min bouts of treadmill exercise (45% VO₂ max; 2% grade) each followed by 10 min of hand cooling (C) or no cooling (NC). Heat acclimation sessions were 90–240 min of treadmill or stationary bike exercise (60–80% VO₂ max). Repeated measures ANOVA with Fishers LSD post hoc (α < 0.05) identified differences. When NHA, C (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min^?1) had a greater cooling rate than NC (0.013 ± 0.003°C·min^?1) (mean difference [95%CI]; 0.007°C [0.001,0.013], P = 0.035). Once HA, C (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min^?1) was similar to NC (0.025 ± 0.002°C·min^?1) (0.004°C [?0.003,0.011], P = 0.216). Hand cooling when HA (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min^?1) was similar to when NHA (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min^?1) (P = 0.77). In conclusion, when NHA, C provided greater cooling rates than NC. Once HA, C and NC provided similar cooling rates.     

Effects of different warm-up modalities on power output during the high pull

This study compared the effects of six warm-up modalities on peak power output (PPO) during the high-pull exercise. Nine resistance-trained males completed six trials using different warm-ups: high-pull specific (HPS), cycle, whole body vibration (WBV), cycle+HPS, WBV+HPS and a control. Intramuscular temperature (T_m) was increased by 2°C using WBV or cycling. PPO, T_m and electromyography (EMG) were recorded during each trial. Two high-pulls were performed prior to and 3 min after participants completed the warm-up. The greatest increase in PPO occurred with HPS (232.8 ± 89.7 W, P < 0.001); however, this was not different to combined warm-ups (cycle+HPS 158.6 ± 121.1 W; WBV+HPS 177.3 ± 93.3 W, P = 1.00). These modalities increased PPO to a greater extent than those that did not involve HPS (all P < 0.05). HPS took the shortest time to complete, compared to the other conditions (P < 0.05). EMG did not differ from pre to post warm-up or between modalities in any of the muscles investigated. No change in T_m occurred in warm-ups that did not include cycling or WBV. These results suggest that a movement-specific warm-up improves performance more than temperature-related warm-ups. Therefore, mechanisms other than increased muscle temperature and activation may be important for improving short-term PPO.     

Developing a scale for measuring the perceived value of cultural institutions

Previous research into the value of cultural institutions has emphasized a variety of benefits arising from cultural institutions such as social, educational and health-related impacts. An economic assessment of cultural institutions is usually made in monetary units. This one-dimensional assessment of value has been criticized for being elusive, disregarding the complex and multidimensional nature of cultural values. This article suggests scales for measuring the value of cultural institutions. Based on previous research, and an exploratory study on the perceived value of cultural institutions, this article describes the development of a scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Six factors comprise the scale: social, educational, health, image, identity and financial effects. The scale may be used to describe and compare the value of cultural institutions qualitatively. Conclusions about the perceived contribution of different institutions may be possible. From a policy perspective, the scale may allow an understanding of the contribution individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds perceive the cultural institution as making.     

河北省人口老龄化趋势预测及对策研究

运用Elman神经网络模型对2010—2050年河北省人口数进行预测,经过分析得出,河北省的人口老龄化具有以下几个特征:老年人口规模庞大,增长迅速;老龄化程度超前于河北省的经济发展水平,社会负担沉重;老年人口的高龄化趋势明显;老年人口的性别差异较大;老年人口的分布具有明显的差异性等。根据这些特征为河北省应对人口老龄化提供了一些对策建议。     

预冷对运动员高温环境下运动表现的影响研究

很多研究表明高温环境对运动员的运动表现是有害的,如对氧运输能力、心血管功能以及内环境和离子平衡都会造成不良影响。体育科研人员发现预冷处理能够改善运动员在高温环境下的运动表现。预冷处理是指在训练前或比赛前,预先将运动员身体做降温处理,通过降低核心体温、改善心血管压力、减少代谢失调等来调整各项生理指标,提升运动员的热贮存能力,延缓运动疲劳产生,使运动员在训练或比赛时有良好的运动表现。     

Scaling: An ITEMS Module

Scaling is the process of constructing a score scale that associates numbers or other ordered indicators with the performance of examinees. Scaling typically is conducted to aid users in interpreting test results. This module describes different types of raw scores and scale scores, illustrates how to incorporate various sources of information into a score scale, and introduces vertical scaling and its related designs and methodologies as a special type of scaling. After completion of this module, the reader should be able to understand the relationship between various types of raw scores, understand the relationship between raw scores and scale scores, construct a scale with desired properties, evaluate an existing score scale, understand how content and standards information are built into a scale, and understand how vertical scales are developed and used in practice.