Creatine supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise

Abstract

Thirty-six male rats were used; divided into 6 groups (n = 6): saline; creatine (Cr); eccentric exercise (EE) plus saline 24 h (saline + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus Cr 24 h (Cr + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus saline 48 h (saline + 48 h); and eccentric exercise plus Cr 48 h (Cr + 48h). Cr supplementation was administered as a solution of 300 mg · kg body weight^?1 · day^?1 in 1 mL water, for two weeks, before the eccentric exercise. The animals were submitted to one downhill run session at 1.0 km · h^?1 until exhaustion. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours after the exercise, the animals were killed, and the quadriceps were removed. Creatine kinase levels, superoxide production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, carbonyl content, total thiol content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-1b (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kb), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were analysed. Cr supplementation neither decreases Cr kinase, superoxide production, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol, IL-1β, NF-kb, or TNF nor alters the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxides in relation to the saline group, respectively (P < 0.05). There are positive correlations between Cr kinase and TBARS and TNF-α 48 hours after eccentric exercise. The present study suggests that Cr supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation after eccentric contraction.     

Exploring Emotional Intelligence Among Master's‐Level Counseling Trainees

The authors explored the relationship between counseling trainees' emotional intelligence (EI), empathy, stress, distress, and demographics. Results indicated that higher levels of EI were associated with lower stress and distress, higher affective and cognitive empathy, and age. These findings suggest curricular integration of EI and potential utility of EI measures to evaluate students' progress throughout the program.     

初探新型师生关系的构建

构建民主和谐、互尊互爱、平等合作的新型师生关系，会促使教师发挥出最佳的教育热情，调动自身的积极性，创造有利于创新人才成长的良好育人环境；更会激活学生的学习兴趣和主动性，发挥其自身潜能；由此达到师生间相互激励，教学互惠的效果。为此，首先应更新师生关系观念，教师应热爱学生，信任学生，突出民主。     

朗读中重音的确定与表达

要准确、鲜明、生动地表达作品的思想内容,使作者写作的目的在朗读的过程中得到显露,需要把握好语法重音、逻辑重音、感情重音.     

NaCl胁迫对青稞幼苗部分生理指标的影响

以青稞幼苗为试材,采用营养液水培法研究了200mmol／L NaCl胁迫对青稞幼苗叶片相对含水量（RWC）、叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸含量的影响．结果显示,在200mmol／L NaCl胁迫2,4,6,8d后,青稞幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量随胁迫的进行而不断下降,其中叶绿素含量在前4d下降尤其明显;MDA和脯氨酸含量则显著上升．表明200mmol／L NaCl胁迫对青稞幼苗造成了严重的生理伤害．     

Reconvene and Reconnect the Antioxidant Hypothesis in Human Health and Disease

The antioxidants are essential molecules in human system but are not miracle molecules. They are neither performance enhancers nor can prevent or cure diseases when taken in excess. Their supplemental value is debateable. In fact, many high quality clinical trials on antioxidant supplement have shown no effect or adverse outcomes ranging from morbidity to all cause mortality. Several Chochrane Meta-analysis and Markov Model techniques, which are presently best available statistical models to derive conclusive answers for comparing large number of trials, support these claims. Nevertheless none of these statistical techniques are flawless. Hence, more efforts are needed to develop perfect statistical model to analyze the pooled data and further double blind, placebo controlled interventional clinical trials, which are gold standard, should be implicitly conducted to get explicit answers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase are termed as primary antioxidants as these scavenge superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. All these three enzymes are inducible enzymes, thereby inherently meaning that body increases or decreases their activity as per requirement. Hence there is no need to attempt to manipulate their activity nor have such efforts been clinically useful. SOD administration has been tried in some conditions especially in cancer and myocardial infarction but has largely failed, probably because SOD is a large molecule and can not cross cell membrane. The dietary antioxidants, including nutrient antioxidants are chain breaking antioxidants and in tandem with enzyme antioxidants temper the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) within physiological limits. Since body is able to regulate its own requirements of enzyme antioxidants, the diet must provide adequate quantity of non-enzymic antioxidants to meet the normal requirements and provide protection in exigent condition. So far, there is no evidence that human tissues ever experience the torrent of reactive species and that in chronic conditions with mildly enhanced generation of reactive species, the body can meet them squarely if antioxidants defense system in tissues is biochemically optimized. We are not yet certain about optimal levels of antioxidants in tissues. Two ways have been used to assess them: first by dietary intake and second by measuring plasma levels. Lately determination of plasma/serum level of antioxidants is considered better index for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The recommended levels for vitamin A, E and C and beta carotene are 2.2–2.8 μmol/l; 27.5–30 μmol/l; 40–50 μmol/l and 0.4–0.5 μmol/l, respectively. The requirement and recommended blood levels of other dietary antioxidants are not established. The resolved issues are (1) essential to scavenge excess of radical species (2) participants in redox homeostasis (3) selective antioxidants activity against radical species (4) there is no universal antioxidant and 5) therapeutic value in case of deficiency. The overarching issues are (1) therapeutic value as adjuvant therapy in management of diseases (2) supplemental value in developing population (3) selective interactivity of antioxidant in different tissues and on different substrates (4) quantitative contribution in redox balance (5) mechanisms of adverse action on excess supplementation (6) advantages and disadvantages of prooxidant behavior of antioxidants (7) behavior in cohorts with polymorphic differences (8) interaction and intervention in radiotherapy, diabetes and diabetic complications and cardiovascular diseases (9) preventive behavior in neurological disorders (10) benefits of non-nutrient dietary antioxidants (11) markers to assess optimized antioxidants status (12) assessment of benefits of supplementation in alcoholics and heavy smokers. The unresolved and intriguing issues are (1) many compounds such as vitamin A and many others possessing both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties contribute to both the activities in vivo or exclusively only to non-antioxidant activity and (2) since human tissues do not experience the surge of FR, whether there is any need to develop stronger synthetic antioxidants. Theoretically such antioxidants may do more harm than good.     

英语重音与汉语轻声--词汇层次上的功能比较

英语重音与汉语轻声均属各自语言系统中的超音质特征,因二者的语言功能极为相似而具有较强的可比性.作者通过对比分析英语重音与汉语轻声词汇层次上的相似语义和语法功能,试图进一步揭示英汉两种语言的某些特点并对英语语音教学有所启迪.     

环境温度对某深基坑围护结构内力与变形影响分析

从热传导的基本方程出发,介绍结构瞬态温度场和应力场有限元一般格式.编制东京新丰州变电所围护结构二维温度场有限元分析程序,采用ANSYS工程分析软件,计算该围护结构在环境温度变化过程中引起的温度场、温度应力及温度变形,同时计算了在开挖土压力作用下该围护结构的内力与变形,将两种变形与实测变形值进行比较.结果显示,环境温度变化对类似工程围护结构的内力与变形有不可忽视的影响,必须加以计算.     

Using Neural Network to Predict the Interfacial Friction and Flow Stress of Materialsvia Ring Compre

ＵｓｉｎｇＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋｔｏＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｆａｃｉａｌＦｒｉｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＦｌｏｗＳｔｒｅｓｓｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｖｉａＲｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎＸｕＷｅｉｌｉａｎｇ（徐卫良）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｅｃｈａ...     

中学教师焦虑情绪、心理压力和应对方式的比较研究

目的探究中学教师在焦虑情绪、心理压力、应对方式三方面的差异,以指导教师进行有效的情绪管理和压力应对。方法采用Zung焦虑自评量表、心理压力问卷、简易应对方式问卷对716名中学教师进行了问卷调查。结果（1）不同教龄的中学教师,市、县、乡中学教师在焦虑情绪、心理压力、积极应对或消极应对几个方面差异显著（P〈0．05）。（2）普通班与重点班的教师之间在焦虑情绪、心理压力上差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论教龄较长的中学教师,市、乡中学教师以及各中学重点班的教师焦虑情绪和心理压力较重;普通中学、城市中学的教师更多地采用消极应对模式。