城市经济结构调整与结构性失业

随着我国经济结构的调整,我国就业的产业结构、素质结构和所有制结构将发生变化,出现结构性失业现象.为此,我们应从培育新经济增长点、加强再就业培训、发展第三产业以及非公有制企业等方面提出具体的解决结构性失业的对策.     

我国大学毕业生失业问题的探讨

随着我国高等教育规模的不断扩大，大学生就业形势日益严峻，出现了大学毕业生的失业现象。大学毕业生失业主要有结构性失业、摩擦性失业、自愿性失业三种类型。造成这种现象既有高等教育系统内部的原因，也有劳动力市场供需双方的原因。要解决目前大学生失业问题，一方面要调整高等教育结构，使其适应劳动力市场的发展；另一方面要建立大学生就业市场机制。     

试论我国失业问题的解决对策

失业问题已成为当前我国经济社会中最为突出的问题。解决失业问题的办法是：实行积极的宏观经济政策，深化企业改革，确保经济持续发展，创造更多的就业机会；调整产业结构，缓解结构性矛盾；调整人力资源结构，使劳动力供需趋于平衡；培育良好的就业机制和社会保障机制。     

失业、物价和经济增长——中国的菲利普斯曲线与货币政策目标选择

失业、物价与经济增长是经济理论争论的焦点,也是货币政策调控的重点,对三者相互关系的描述即菲利普斯曲线。我国经济正处于经济转轨时期,经济增长、物价和失业也是我国经济可持续发展必须协调的三个重要因素。文章对我国经济运行过程中菲利普斯曲线进行描绘,以期对我国货币政策目标选择提出建议。     

俄罗斯当前人口与就业问题解析

当前俄罗斯在人口与就业方面存在着较大的问题。在人口方面上主要表现为数量的持续下降和结构性失衡;在就业方面主要是与国家经济持续衰退和经济体制及经济结构转轨相伴随的失业和隐性失业压力加大。两方面问题交织在一起,形成严重的社会危机。虽然俄政府面对危机已经采取了种种积极应对措施,但由于引发危机的原因是多样性和深层次性的,危机很难在短时期内得到较好的解决。     

Technological paradigms,labour creation and destruction in a multi-sector agent-based model

This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) of endogenous arrival of technological paradigms and new sectors entailing different patterns of labour creation and destruction, as well as of consumption dynamics. The model, building on the labour-augmented K+S ABM, addresses the long-term patterns of labour demand emerging from heterogeneous forms of technical change. It provides a multi-level, integrated perspective on so called scenarios of the future of work, currently often restricted or to firm-level or to short-time sectoral analyses, and studies the conditions under which labour creation and destruction tend to balance. It is a relatively fair and stable distribution of income granted by a Fordist-type of regulation of the labour market that guarantees that the model never reaches stages of persistent technological unemployment. On the contrary, a systematic mismatch between production and consumption spheres emerges out of a Competitive (post-Fordist) wage-labour nexus, wherein the labour shedding effect of process innovation tends to prevail over the labour creating effect of product innovation.     

Expectations of the unemployed in South Africa: An education system perspective

Abstract

South Africa re-entered the world economy after 1994 with several disadvantages, of which an exceptionally high unemployment rate and a low-skilled labour force were the most challenging. Each year over the past decade increasing numbers of jobs have been destroyed in South Africa. The challenge facing South Africa in addressing the problem of job creation is aggravated by the fact that its labour force is predominantly low skilled. Various innovative measures for enhancing the skills base in South Africa have been introduced since the first democratic elections in 1994. The new policies are designed to deal with the country's lack of international competitiveness and the low rates of investment in the development of human capital. Since 1994, several policies and strategies have been put in place with the aim of creating jobs in various sectors of the South African economy. This states that an integrated approach to the implementation of the different innovative policy frameworks by the responsible public service departments is needed. A model for prioritisation in skills formation is given.     

Unemployment in South Africa on the rise: Are schools and universities to blame?

Abstract

Some critics have placed the blame for the rise in unemployment in South Africa at the doorstep of schools and universities since they are the initial formal education providers. This article argues that the notion that initial formal education should prepare the youth for the job market overlooks the core business of schools and universities, and the fact that the job market is not static. The article contends that schools and universities are there to prepare learners for life in all its spheres, through the development of literacy, numeracy and critical thinking skills. It attempts to put into perspective the breadth and depth of initial formal education as a foundation for life in its entirety, not just for labour. It argues that the said skills enable the youth to access the wealth of knowledge locked up in texts that attempt to explain the wide spectrum of human experience and possibilities. These skills are taught within broad contexts of specific study fields that open job and service provision opportunities in the labour market. The article maintains that in cases where initial education institutions had adequate resources to accomplish their role, South African education has earned international recognition and its graduates have accessed job markets both in South Africa and internationally. It further identifies possible causes of the perceived current high rate of unemployment among the youth of South Africa, for example, the economic climate of the country and the legacy of inequalities in educational provisioning among others.

The article concludes that the popular criticism that universities operate as ivory towers has long become a cliché, since universities, apart from the conventional academic and professional qualification programmes they offer, also provide a variety of career-specific short programmes for people already in employment.     

The mitigating effect of work-integrated learning on graduate employment in South Africa

Abstract

This article seeks to provide theoretical insight into supply and demand factors within higher education and how these relate to each other and to graduate unemployment within the South African context. Research was undertaken primarily to determine the graduate unemployment rate at a higher education institution in South Africa and secondly to ascertain whether work-integrated learning (WIL) had an effect on graduate unemployment. Statistical analysis revealed that the graduate unemployment rate at a certain higher education institution in 2011 was 46% while WIL reduced graduate unemployment. The unemployment rate for students who had had no WIL was 63%, whereas the unemployment rate for those who had complete WIL in the course of their higher education training decreased to 26%. Findings supporting the mitigating influence of WIL are a potentially valuable contribution to policy and practice in higher education.     

中国与韩国大学生就业问题比较

中韩两国地域、文化、经济发展水平相近，受经济结构调整和高等教育大众化政策实施的影响，大学毕业生就业矛盾越来越突出。本文从两国经济与失业状况的比较入手，全面考察了大学生的就业形势和形成就业困难的原因，分析了经济与高教发展对学生就业的正负面作用。