德性何为——试论康德的人学思想

康德的道德哲学蕴含着丰富的人学思想。在笔者看来,德性至上是康德人学思想的核心。从源于实践理性的自律出发,康德将德性、实践理性与意志自由有机统一,并为每一个有理性者提出了"以人性为目的"这一道德实践意义上的绝对律令。因此,强调德性至上的康德人学,其基础是实践理性,其目的则是人类自由,有限的理性存在者(人)由此成为道德王国的自我决断者。在这一意义上,康德人学正是西方启蒙思想的精华。     

尊重不同的生活方式:《庄子》中的道家美德伦理

《庄子》通过讲述各种不同的故事提出了一种首尾一贯的规范伦理,而这种规范伦理是一种美德伦理。在这样一种道家的美德伦理中,最重要的美德或性格特征是尊重不同的生活方式。西方各种通行的美德伦理理论从未论及这种性格特征,但它在当代全球化的多元社会生活中却极具价值。     

理想国与“地下文学”——广文学的可能性空间

柏拉图要将诗人赶出“理想国”,源于他的如下观念：诗人的创作意味着摹仿、虚构和撒谎,从而违背真理。但通过对柏拉图本人作品的细读,我们发现,诗的这些“罪状”同样存在于哲学话语中,它们是内在于语言的修辞行为。柏拉图认为诗因其提供快感而败坏道德,是个更值得重视的批评,与娱乐至上的大众文化不同,“地下文学”以其不可化约的自由精神和抵抗精神找到了安身立命的道德根基。     

Educational policy or practice? Traversing the conceptual divide between subject knowledge,pedagogy and teacher identity in England

This research paper is framed by concerns about recent UK Government policy regarding the training of mathematics and science teachers in England and discusses how two cohorts of pre-service teachers negotiated the development of a professional identity while undertaking subject-specific training. The data reported upon were garnered in two ways; through an evaluation survey that received quantitative and qualitative responses from 159 teacher trainees and through focus groups conducted with 40 trainees. In the paper, the authors take the concept of ‘participation in communities of practice’ as a departure point to explore how trainees demonstrate their development of professional identities as chemistry, maths or physics teachers. In the conclusion, the authors consider the implications of the findings for pre-service teachers and teacher trainers given the current education climate of financial austerity being experienced across Europe.     

德性伦理应用于企业的合理性及其建构

在西方,德性伦理的应用性早已呈现在相关的理论和实践中,并为当今德性伦理应用于企业提供了基本的理论依据和实践旨向。而德性伦理的独特立场、明显优势以及作为企业解决现实道德难题的伦理资源为德性伦理应用于企业提供了一定的现实合理性。为此,惟有建构目的善、品质善和实体善有机统一的德性伦理体系和利益与责任相关者共同参与的公司治理体系,德性伦理应用于企业的合理性方能得以建构,进而才能使得企业以德性为其自身以及活动的本源。     

法政制度的人性预设:美德亦或无赖

人性的自私、有限的慷慨和资源的稀缺产生了正义制度。休谟的"无赖原则"认为,政府在制度设计上应该把成员设想为谋求私利的无赖之徒,然后采取措施严加防范,并使无赖之徒从私利出发在行动上表现出美德。正义制度对人的德性有一种形式上过滤的功用,让美德通过而无赖通不过。制度也是一种智慧,如果制度能改变人们的认识观念,使一种无耻的行为又被看做一种愚蠢的行为,那就使大部分理智健全的人的道德表现形式更符合道德,这至少能够在形式上提高人们的道德水准。     

论立法精英的德性

立法精英作为法律制度的设计者,除了应具有良好的法律专业技术知识,还应具有优良的德性,这是立法精英创制良法,防止立法腐败的道德保障。理性是立法精英的首要德性,在于法律是理性的,法律制度的设计者也应是理性的;公正是立法精英的基本德性,在于立法作为制度性的利益分配的场合,对利益进行制度性分配的立法精英也必须是公正的;审慎作为立法精英的必要德性,在于理性的有限性,要求他们在立法中把握立法的度、顾及立法行为的后果。     

高校教学评价的价值取向研究

教学评价服务于教学,建立科学的教育评价有利于教学的展开和教学目标的实现。而正确、合理的价值取向,则是教学评价的依据和指导。在高校教学评价中,价值取向受到很多因素的制约,如政治权利、市场经济、社会道德、学科知识、教学主客体等等。本文认为高校教学评价应该围绕人本、知识与能力、正义与德性三个方面进行正确的价值定位,从而解决教育在处理复杂政治经济关系时,培养什么样的人才,以满足社会需要的问题。     

Cultured Technology: The Internet and Religious Fundamentalism

In this article we identify four principal dimensions of religious fundamentalism as they interact with the Internet: hierarchy, patriarchy, discipline, and seclusion. We also develop the concept of cultured technology, and analyze the ways communities reshape a technology and make it a part of their culture, while at the same time changing their customary ways of life and unwritten laws to adapt to it. Later, we give examples for our theoretical framework through an empirical examination of ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities in Israel. Our empirical study is based on a data set of 686,192 users and 60,346 virtual communities. The results show the complexity of interactions between religious fundamentalism and the Internet, and invite further discussions of cultured technology as a means to understand how the Internet has been culturally constructed, modified, and adapted to the needs of fundamentalist communities and how they in turn have been affected by it.     

Evolution of Open Source Networks in Industry

The open source software movement has become a threat to corporate software development. In response, companies started to develop products and services related to open source software. Subsequently, they also tried to come to terms with the processes that are characteristic of open source software development. This article examines the efforts made by companies to use open source principles and practices for corporate purposes. The study shows that over time the open source-inspired networks developed by these companies gradually come to resemble classical corporate networks.