桃花灼灼风雨路——苏州桃花坞木版年画的形成、发展和演变

蕴涵着丰富的吴地民俗文化内涵,并已成为历史的记录和城市文化元素的桃花坞木版年画,在六百多年的风雨历程中,历经形成期、兴盛期、衰颓期和新年画期的发展变迁,如今已是艺术百花园中一朵耀眼的奇葩。在大力弘扬优秀文化艺术传统,繁荣和发展社会主义文化的新的历史时期,我们要站在时代和"文化苏州"的新起点上,进一步加强挖掘、整理、研究与传承工作,以使"一坞桃花"更加争奇斗艳、光彩夺目。     

新疆玉雕人才培养模式探讨

新疆玉雕人才队伍规模和整体工艺水平是影响行业长远发展的重要因素,产业升级与本土人才培养息息相关,现有的几种玉雕人才培养模式各具特色。随着新疆高层次玉雕人才培养环境的不断完善,民间力量与高等教育充分结合将成为未来发展趋势。     

陵川民居书鼓砖雕建筑艺术

近来在山西陵川发现的“书鼓砖雕”文化现象实际是一种国内特殊的曲艺文化民俗事象。这是一种将本地兴盛的说唱文学艺术与砖雕艺术互相结合而形成的一种民俗事象。从“书鼓砖雕”概念、陵川民居院落结构布局、陵川民居庙宇特点、建筑砖雕工艺及艺术特色、陵川书鼓砖雕墀头题材内容等诸方面对这一民俗事象进行剖析,可为进一步揭示这一民俗事象更深层的建筑关学价值提供有益的借鉴。     

绿色化学理念在木材化学及其实验教学中的应用

随着工业化程度不断提高,环境和能源问题日益严峻。木材化学课程应将绿色化学理念贯彻于理论和实验教学中,可以采取具体措施：在木材化学理论教学中引入木材主要组分的分离和化学反应的绿色方法,试剂,做到资源的高效绿色高值化利用;在木材化学实验中利用多媒体辅助教学;提倡半微量化操作模式,对部分实验进行微型化改进;增设教学模块,改革实验内容,创新设计综合实验。通过这一系列措施在木材化学教学中引入并强化绿色化学理念,使学生在以后的工作中运用该理念,做到绿色环保、节能减排。     

Cellulose degradation in the Vasa: The role of acids and rust

Abstract

The oak timbers of the Swedish warship Vasa are deteriorating. High amounts of oxalic acid have been found along with a low pH and low molecular weight cellulose deep in the wood timbers. The iron-rich surface wood differs from the interior wood in that it displays higher pH and cellulose with higher molecular weight. The objective of this study was to determine why there is a difference in cellulose degradation, pH, and oxalic acid amount between the surface region and the interior of the Vasa timbers. Analysis of cellulose weight average molecular weight by size exclusion chromatography was performed, as well as quantification of oxalic acid and iron by high-performance anion exchange chromatography and atomic emission spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that a decrease in iron content coincides with an increase in oxalic acid concentration and a drop in pH at a certain depth from the wood surface. When iron-rich surface wood samples from the Vasa were mixed with an aqueous solution of oxalic acid, a fast increase of pH over time was observed. Neither interior wood poor in iron nor the fresh oak reference showed the same neutralizing effect during the time of measurement. This indicates that the presence of iron (rust) causes a neutralization of the wood, through the formation of iron(III) oxalato complexes, thus protecting the wood from oxalic acid hydrolysis. This effect was not observed to the same extent for other acids observed in Vasa wood (sulfuric, formic, glycolic, and acetic acids).     

Iron removal from waterlogged wood: Extraction by electrophoresis and chemical treatments

Abstract

The presence of iron oxides (lepidocrocite, goethite) in archeological wood may result in a degradation of the wood matrix. Extraction of these iron oxides is largely dependent on their solubility. In this study, balsa wood samples were impregnated with iron oxides to test extraction treatments. Additionally, archeological wood samples were also examined to determine treatment efficiency. Electrophoresis and simple immersion treatments were performed using various chemical solutions: a neutral and a conductive substance (potassium nitrate), an acid (acetic acid), three alkaline chelating agents (tri-ammonium and tri-sodium citrate and sodium oxalate), three acidic and slightly acidic chelating agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and oxalic acid), and a reductant (sodium dithionite). Potassium nitrate did not extract sufficient amounts of iron, irrespective of whether the treatment was conducted by electrophoresis or simple immersion; any observable dissolution was attributed to protonation because of the acidic pH around the anode (as low as 3). Dissolution in acetic acid did not extract iron with either treatment. Strong chelating agents improved extraction, and these compounds gave the best results for simple immersion, particularly EDTA. This chemical is well adapted for use on archeological objects because of its chemical properties (stability constant, speciation based on pH). The addition of sodium dithionite to the solution improved dissolution. Even though electrophoresis improved extraction (in particular for tri-ammonium citrate), none of the tested chelating chemicals were suitable for electrophoresis because of a significant increase in temperature as well as high anode corrosion. The presence of iron sulfide in the archeological wood limited the effectiveness of the tested chemicals. A pre-treatment in sodium persulfate was expanded to include oxidized iron sulfide in oxy/hydroxide iron, which improved the extraction rate.     

魏晋官文书以纸代简及其启示

从公元105年东汉蔡伦发明纸张,到公元404年东晋桓玄以诏令的形式肯定纸张,沿袭上千年的简牍书写材料被纸张所代替。在这以纸代简的300年间,书信和书籍最先使用纸张,其完成时间在东汉末年。官文书以纸代简要迟缓一些,至东晋才告完成。其中案牍文书、簿籍文书分别在西晋和东晋实现了转变。一种新的官文书书写材料代替另一种官文书书写材料,需要新的书写材料性能良好、实际应用富有成效且时机成熟。这对于今天电子文件代替纸质文件也许有所启发。     

反排木鼓舞：从历史记忆到文化表征

反排木鼓舞作为文化的一种展示方式,随着时代的不同发生着文化的变迁和意义的生产,由一种族群源流与迁徙,祖先历史与记忆的隐喻和象征,逐渐转向反排文化,这种文化的展示与表征,一是通过苗族形象,二是展示和表征贵州少数民族和苗族的文化符号,从而实现文化的再生产。     

Egyptian Sarcophagi and Mummies in the San Diego Museum of Man: Some Technical Studies

Nine ancient Egyptian sarcophagi of the twenty-fifth to twenty-sixth dynasty, one Ptolemaic Hawk Mummy, and one Amarna fresco were examined in the collections of the San Diego Museum of Man. Binding media, pigments, wood identification, deterioration and alteration products were identified. The pigment palette represents the basic suite of ancient Egyptian pigments: charcoal black, red ochre, yellow ochre, Egyptian blue, green earth, calcite, and gypsum. In the case of the Hawk mummy, oxammite was identified as a degradation product, together with magnesium phosphate, the first identification of oxammite in ancient artefacts. In a child’s coffin, realgar and orpiment were additionally identified. The binding media for practically all of the coffins studied was confirmed as gum Arabic with only one example of gum tragacanth found from a wall plaque from Amarna. Wood identification showed that Ficus sycomorus had been used, rather than the assumed cedar of Lebanon for coffin manufacture. One unidentified species of shrubby wood was also found. Some of the coffins had been restored, with one having a completely repainted face, in rutile, and the child’s coffin has an attached foot-box with modern screws. Possible indications of ancient reuse were found during the study.