The relationship between grit,self-control,and early grade reading: a trial measuring soft skills in rural Tanzania

Abstract

Soft skills such as grit, self-control, and self-confidence have been shown to predict outcomes in school and in life. As such, their valid and reliable measurement is of substantial interest in educational research and policy circles. However, the vast majority of this research originates in Western countries; relatively little is known regarding the measurement of soft skills in developing country contexts and whether similar types of instruments can provide evidence of these skills. This paper presents a novel means of assessing grit, self-control, and self-confidence in rural Tanzania: through the use of scenario-based self-report questionnaires. Survey instruments were administered in three regions in Tanzania to 961 Standard 2 pupils. We found that scenario-based items provided valid and, in most cases, reliable estimates of the three tested soft skills. When comparing self-reported soft skills and reading ability, we found that both grit and self-control were significant predictors of reading and mathematics performance. After controlling for sex, region, and age, grit was found to have a stronger association with reading performance than socioeconomic status.     

内容图式对ESL阅读及其策略使用的影响

文章运用定量方法研究了以图片形式提供给学生的内容图式对学生阅读理解的促进作用。研究结果表明:为受试提供图片提示后,他们能够主动应用预测、联系先前知识等阅读策略,从而弥补了二语阅读的语言障碍,较好的理解了高于他们英语水平的文章。因此图式提示对学生的阅读理解具有良好的促进作用,并且可以有效引导学生阅读策略的使用。     

句式感悟能力及其培养方法

从阅读的心理机制和教学实践的角度，探讨句式感悟在阅读能力培养中的地位及其教学过程中的具体操作方法，并提出了训练模式。     

The effect of text genre on parent use of joint book reading strategies to promote phonological awareness

This study compared the rates of different types of joint book reading behaviors of parents of preschool children with and without language impairments using two different text genres. Participants included 72 preschool children between the ages of 51 and 70 months. Fifty-five children were typically developing and 17 were diagnosed with language impairments. Parent–child dyads were videotaped during periods of joint book reading using two different types of text (one alphabet-rhyming and one narrative). Results indicated parents rarely used reading behaviors known to enhance their preschoolers’ phonological awareness. However, when used, there was a significant difference between the two types of texts. The alphabet book elicited a higher rate of phonological awareness and print concept behaviors, while the narrative book resulted in parents using more content behaviors. In addition, the parents of typically developing children used more phonological awareness behaviors than the parents of children with language impairments.     

论图式论及其对英语阅读教学的指导意义

认知心理学家所提出的图式论,为探讨英语阅读教学过程中背景知识与语言理解之间的关系提供了一个很好的理论框架.本文根据该理论,从阅读理解的角度分析了图式论对话语理解的认知性解释,论证了图式论与阅读理解是一个相互制约的过程,阐述了图式论对现代英语阅读教学的指导意义.     

阅读教学的问答对话结构

阅读教学是问答对话的交流活动.问题源自文本,师生在与文本的对话中寻找答案,并置入新问题;在教材编者、师生、生生之间的多元碰撞交流中,获得意义的创造.     

Knowledge of the alphabet and explicit awareness of phonemes in pre-readers: The nature of the relationship

This study was carried out to examine the extent to which preschool children are aware of the phonemic structure of the spoken word and to investigate how they acquire that knowledge. The four year old non-readers carried out a battery of takss designed to assess product name reading ability, knowledge of the alphabet, rhyme skills and explicit phonemic awareness ability. There was evidence that they generally acquired knowledge of the alphabet before they showed explicit phonemic awareness ability. Fixed order regression analyses showed that ability to read and write the alphabet generally accounted for unique variance in phoneme awareness and product name reading ability over and above that accounted for by rhyme skills but that rhyme ability accounted for no unique variance beyond that accounted for by alphabet knowledge. Further analyses showed that alphabet knowledge also contributed unique variance to product name reading ability over and above that accounted for by phonemic awareness ability but that the reverse was not the case. It was hypothesised that many preschool non-readers may start to gain an insight into the phonemic structure of the spoken word by becoming aware of the connection between the sounds of letters in environmental print and the sounds of the spoken word.     

对大学英语阅读课教学的思考

较为理想的阅读教学方法应全面考虑句法分析和篇章分析 ,从这一角度出发 ,该文作者提出了自己的设想     

提高大学俄语阅读能力的实践与思考

阅读能力的培养是大学俄语教学的重要任务。培养学生的阅读能力应贯穿于教学过程的始终,需要教师与学生紧密配合才能有效完成,二者缺一不可。     

Supplemental reading strategy instruction for adolescents: A randomized trial and follow-up study

In this study, the authors examine the impact of a yearlong supplemental reading course involving daily instruction in the learning strategies curriculum on lower achieving adolescent students' reading achievement and motivation. Using a multiple-cohort randomized treatment-control group design over 4 years, they compared achievement and motivation outcomes for 605 sixth-grade students who participated in the intervention with 530 students who did not participate and 593 ninth-grade students who participated in the intervention with 535 students who did not participate. Results indicated significant impacts of the intervention on reading achievement for ninth-grade students but not for sixth-grade students. Significant impacts on reading motivation were found for both sixth- and ninth-grade students. An exploratory follow-up study indicated potential benefits of a second year of intervention for sixth-grade students who are still low achieving after 1 year of intervention.