Caliphal Imperialism and Ḥijāzī elites in the second/eighth Century

ABSTRACT

This article contributes to the debate over the effectiveness with which late Umayyad and early ?Abbāsid caliphs negotiated their respective rights and duties with provincial elites during the second/eighth century. The focus is on the relationships that evolved between the caliphs and those elite families residing in the ?ijāz whose ancestors had helped to establish the Muslim community and the early caliphal empire in the mid-first/seventh century. The article's analysis centres on a series of four revolts in the ?ijāz over the second/eighth century and examines developments in the enthusiasm with which local elites either supported or opposed those revolts. This discussion demonstrates that, aside from a brief period during the first decades of ?Abbāsid rule, Umayyad and ?Abbāsid caliphs during the second/eighth century were actually quite successful at inspiring loyalty among the local elites of the ?ijāz.     

An exploratory study on the attitudes of elderly Finns towards Russian-speaking minorities

Research has shown Russian speakers in Finland are often victims of prejudice and discrimination. Utilizing integrated threat theory, this study investigated the extent to which threats are significant predictors of prejudice towards Russian speakers in Finland among a highly neglected research population – the elderly. This study also aimed at finding out which threat (realistic threat, symbolic threat, and negative stereotyping) was the most significant predictor of attitudes towards members of the Russian-speaking minority, and the extent to which men and women differed. In a sample of 90 participants, aged 65 and above, results indicated realistic threat and symbolic threat were not significant predictors of prejudicial attitudes towards members of the Russian-speaking community. Negative stereotyping however had a negative effect on prejudice. Moreover, contrary to previous research on prejudice, there were no significant differences between men and women on threat.     

Examining the effect of perceived group norms on the indirect relationship between intergroup contact and anti-Muslim prejudice among white Americans

Prior studies have found that normative group pressure plays a significant role in shaping prejudice-related attitudes. The present paper examined the role of perceived group norms on the indirect relationship between intergroup contact and anti-Muslim prejudice in a cross-sectional sample of 428 non-Hispanic White American adults, the racial group with the strongest anti-Muslim sentiment. To begin, we tested the indirect relationship between intergroup contact and anti-Muslim prejudice via perceived realistic and symbolic threats as well as intergroup anxiety. Next, we tested whether these mediation effects were conditional on whether group norms were perceived as tolerant or intolerant. We employed Process Macro to test these hypotheses. Our data confirmed (partial) mediation of the contact-prejudice relationship via threat perceptions and intergroup anxiety. Moreover, the moderated mediation analysis showed that while the mediation effects of threat perceptions were not conditional on perceived group norms, the mediation effect of intergroup anxiety was. Specifically, for respondents with perceived intolerant norms, negative intergroup contact demonstrated a stronger relationship with anti-Muslim prejudice through intergroup anxiety compared to respondents with perceived tolerant norms. Furthermore, given the possible bidirectionality of the contact-prejudice relationship, we tested an alternative model examining whether perceived intolerant norms mediate the effect of prejudice on contact. Our data supported this hypothesis, fitting a model that prejudice creates the intolerant group norms that in turn leads to negative contact with Muslims. The alternative model in fact showed a better fit to the data than the proposed model. This study advances theories of contact, integrated threats, and group norm theory to the context of intergroup relations with Muslims. Our findings provide support for the notion of changing the normative climate, and equally promoting positive intergroup contact, with the goal of enhancing relations between Muslim and non-Muslim individuals.     

论阿拉伯帝国时期图书馆的发展演变及其历史作用

阿拉伯帝国图书馆的兴起有其政治、经济、文化和技术背景。它是阿拉伯民族对图书的重视,对知识的追求的表现。阿拉伯帝国的图书馆分为皇家图书馆、清真寺图书馆、公共图书馆和私人图书馆四种类型,它与科学研究和文献翻译高度结合,在建筑和内部设计上具备图书馆的一切要素,向读者免费提供服务。阿拉伯帝国的图书馆代表了当时世界图书馆发展的最高水平,它促进了阿拉伯伊斯兰文化的繁荣,推动了东西方的科学发展,在世界图书馆历史上占有极其重要的地位。参考文献11。     

从《傲慢与偏见》看简·奥斯汀的婚姻观

在《傲慢与偏见》中,简·奥斯汀描述了大量的有关乡村中的婚姻,通过这些描述,可以看出她对婚姻的态度与当时整个社会的婚姻道德观是截然不同的。简.奥斯汀认为婚姻应该建立在真爱和信任上,并且只有通过对同伴彻底了解的基础上,才能得到这样的真爱;表面上肤浅的感情是毫无意义的。通过小说中描述的四对婚姻（夏绿蒂与柯林斯、丽迪雅与韦翰、简与彬格莱、伊丽莎白与达西）,表明了作者与当时世俗所对立的婚姻道德观。     

Sense of Humor of Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice: Realized by Violating the Quality Maxim of Cooperative Principle

Pride and Prejudice is Jane Austen’s most popular novel. In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen created a supremely spirited and attractive heroine, Elizabeth. In this paper, the author provides a new perspective-from the Quality Maxim of CP to analyze and appreciate one of Elizabeth’s personalities-sense of humor.     

沙特阿拉伯石油经济繁荣的原因浅析(1970-1982)

如果从发展经济学角度来分析,20世纪70年代沙特石油经济繁荣的成因是多方面的:70年代沙特石油民族主义的成功,实现了石油权益国有化;国家主义模式的推行,一方面合理优化了石油剩余资本,将其转化成了经济发展的资本动力,另一方面也使得沙特得以依靠石油经济的优先发展,实现了"非均衡一均衡"发展的过渡;同时,国家主义下的外贸发展也刺激了石油经济进口替代工业化的发展.几个原因的共同作用,最终促成了沙特石油经济繁荣的到来.     

Film Adaptations of British Literature

Recent years,both BBC and Hollywoodare interested in making films related to the classic masterpieces.From classic book to popular movie,film adaptations give a new life to the British literature.Different adaptations of classics can act as an indicator of diverse film-making philosophies,which vividly present some of the cultural and social differences between Britain and America.     

试论纳赛尔埃及与阿拉伯联盟之间的关系

埃及在纳赛尔时代，成为阿拉伯中东地区的政治中心，这促使其在这一地区追求更加积极的对外政策，并依托于阿拉伯联盟这一地区性组织，积极谋利埃及自身在阿拉伯世界中的地位和影响，纳赛尔埃及与阿盟之间的关系，一定程度上反映了阿拉伯世界中各国之间的合作与竞争，控制与反控制的斗争，同时也反映出埃及追求作为地区性大国的企图。     

What Leads to a Happy Marriage——Matrimonial Value in Pride and Prejudice

This thesis attempts to analyze the marriage of various characters in Pride and Prejudice, such as the marriages of Charlotte and Collins based on economic status,and the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy on the basis of true love and morals; and finally leads to a conclusion about Jane Austen's matrimonial value.