Gender differences in behavioral regulation in four societies: The United States,Taiwan, South Korea,and China

The current study investigates gender differences in behavioral regulation in four societies: the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Directly assessed individual behavioral regulation (Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders, HTKS), teacher-rated classroom behavioral regulation (Child Behavior Rating Scale, CBRS) and a battery of school readiness assessments (mathematics, vocabulary, and early literacy) were used with 814 young children (ages 3–6 years). Results showed that girls in the United States had significantly higher individual behavioral regulation than boys, but there were no significant gender differences in any Asian societies. In contrast, teachers in Taiwan, South Korea, as well as the United States rated girls as significantly higher than boys on classroom behavioral regulation. In addition, for both genders, individual and classroom behavioral regulation were related to many aspects of school readiness in all societies for girls and boys. Universal and culturally specific findings and their implications are discussed.     

聚落空间场所化与“干”族群文化自我的实然性基础

基于"干"(ganl/an11,族称/自称,日常用语指"用树枝木栅把居所环境及栖居之所遮掩起来")族群文化自我的实然性基础,讨论侗寨居所序列场所化过程与生存环境生成性形成的哲学性关联。分析认为,于文明始初侗寨居所建筑即拥有表征族群自我"行为"文化"想象"的典型性特征。具体表现在对侗族行为文化构架、族群自我情感体验及女性话语施事行为等结构形态产生深远性影响。     

克雷洛夫寓言诗创作情感倾向及原因分析

世界三大寓言家之一的克雷洛夫的寓言,因其优美的诗意和深刻的寓意,至今魅力不衰。以作品分析法,探讨作家在险恶境遇中对艺术的追求及其历史影响,发现他的寓言诗表现出鲜明的情感倾向,无情地讽刺、揭露和抨击俄国沙皇及其统治阶级的罪恶,善意地嘲讽俄罗斯民众的一些陋习和劣根性。通过探究作家情感倾向的成因,发现与他的生活经历、社会环境、性格和思想追求密切相关。     

基于Pro/E行为建模的可变截面悬臂梁优化

为了以最少的原材料满足结构强度、刚度要求,通过Pro/E行为建模技术,对受均布载荷变截面矩形悬臂梁进行等强度设计。介绍了通过全局灵敏度分析和可行性研究,在静态分析和载荷的双重作用下,当最大应力小于61.66 MPa时,质量能否达到最小的可行设计目标。该方法为变截面悬臂梁的设计人员提供了一个简单、方便的建模方法和结构优化分析手段,有利于提高悬臂梁的设计质量和效率,缩短设计周期。     

Behavioral self-regulation and executive function both predict visuomotor skills and early academic achievement

The present study explored direct and interactive effects between behavioral self-regulation (SR) and two measures of executive function (EF, inhibitory control and working memory), with a fine motor measure tapping visuomotor skills (VMS) in a sample of 127 prekindergarten and kindergarten children. It also examined the relative contribution of behavioral SR, EF, and VMS skills for concurrent academic achievement. Results indicated that a measure of working memory (WJ-Working Memory) and a measure of behavioral SR (Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task; HTKS) were directly related to VMS. Differential relations were also examined for prekindergarten and kindergarten children. Results revealed a significant interaction between age and inhibitory control (Day–Night), and an interaction at a trend level between age and working memory suggesting both tasks are more related to VMS skills for younger children. Results also indicated that behavioral SR, EF, and VMS skills were differentially related to the three achievement outcomes. Both behavioral SR and VMS were significantly related to math, behavioral SR, EF, and VMS were significantly related to emergent literacy, and behavioral SR and EF were related to vocabulary scores. Results point to significant relations between behavioral SR and EF with VMS, and how each is related to early academic achievement in preschool and kindergarten.     

Untangling the relative contribution of maltreatment severity and frequency to type of behavioral outcome in foster youth

Within maltreatment research, type, frequency, and severity of abuse are often confounded and not always specifically documented. The result is samples that are often heterogeneous in regard to maltreatment experience, and the role of the different components of maltreatment in predicting outcome is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to identify and test the potential unique role of type, frequency, and severity of maltreatment to elucidate each variable's role in predicting outcome behavior. Data from 309 youth in foster care (ages 8–22) and their caregivers were collected using the Modified Maltreatment Classification System and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC2), to measure maltreatment exposure and behavioral outcome respectively. A measurement model of the BASC2 was completed to determine model fit within the sample data. A second confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was completed to determine the unique contributions of frequency and severity of maltreatment across four types of abuse to externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behavior. The result of the CFA determined good fit of the BASC2 to the sample data after a few modifications. The result of the second CFA indicated that the paths from severity to externalizing behavior and adaptive behavior (reverse loading) were significant. Paths from frequency of abuse were not predictive of behavioral outcome. Maltreatment is a complex construct and researchers are encouraged to examine components of abuse that may be differentially related to outcome behavior for youth. Untangling the multifaceted nature of abuse is important and may have implications for identifying specific outcomes for youth exposed to maltreatment.     

简论我国保健体育的发展趋势

通过对保健体育本质的分析研究，阐述未来若干年内中国保健体育的基本发展趋势即参与者将进一步普遍化，活动内容将逐步走向科学化，形式将逐步走向个性化，运行机制将由福利主导型转向消费主导型，价值观念将由单一化走向综合化。分析了这种趋势的形成原因和具体内容。     

The influence of preschool rural migrant composition on rural migrant children’s early development in China

A multilevel modeling approach was employed to investigate the relationship between preschool rural migrant composition and the pre-academic and behavioral outcomes of young rural migrant children with different durations of residence in urban China. This study represents a unique contribution because (1) few studies have focused on young Chinese rural migrant children and examined the influence of preschool rural migrant composition on their academic skills and behaviors, (2) few researchers in China have used a continuous (i.e., percentage of rural migrants in school) as opposed to a binary (i.e., mixed school versus rural migrant school) indicator for school rural migrant composition, and (3) few investigations have distinguished groups of rural migrant children by the duration of urban residence (i.e., short-duration (SD) rural migrant children versus long-duration (LD) rural migrant children). Based on data of 1213 Chinese children (2.7–6.17 years of age) and their parents and teachers from 81 urban preschools in Beijing, we found that SD rural migrants (≦2.5 years) were rated significantly lower in oral language and numeracy skills and that LD rural migrants (>2.5 years) were rated as having significantly more behavioral problems than their urban counterparts after controlling for the children’s gender, age, family socioeconomic status (SES) and preschool SES. Cross-level interactions indicated that SD rural migrant children in preschools with proportionally more rural migrant peers fared better in terms of oral language skills, and LD rural migrant children had fewer behavioral problems when there were more rural migrant peers in their preschools, whereas urban children performed worse in terms of oral language skills and displayed more behavioral problems in preschools with a high rural migrant composition. These findings provide insights into improving the early development and adaptations of rural migrant children.     

以家庭为中心的PBS理论及其在中国的现实性

以家庭为中心的积极行为支持(PBS)干预模式是一种在家庭情境中干预儿童行为问题的理念和技术,它对于行为管理领域倡导开发积极的、教育性的、非强制性的干预方法具有重要的意义。通过详细阐释该模式的概念、历史发展、理论基础、特点以及实施程序,在此基础上,就源于美国的PBS干预模式能否在我国本土生根发芽的可行性及遇到的问题进行现实性分析。     

Pro/E BMX的曲轴结构优化设计研究

在分析曲轴结构的基础上,对曲轴结构进行规格化处理,确定曲轴模型参数,并利用Pro/E行为建模技术,分析如何通过使用灵敏度分析、可行性研究和优化研究来寻找曲轴质量最小时,旋转轴与质心间的距离能否为零是否可行的设计目标。该方法为曲轴设计人员提供了一个简单、方便的建模方法和结构优化分析手段,有利于提高曲轴的设计质量和效率,缩短设计周期。