The influence of exercise and physical fitness status on attention: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Background: Exercise helps many aspects of cognition, but at this time no review has summarized the literature on the association of exercise and physical fitness with attention. Method: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. After inclusion criteria assessment, a final pool of 44 articles was included. A number of behavioral and neurophysiological indices of attention were examined. Results: The majority of studies showed an increase in performance of attention. Acute exercise results in greater enhancement of attention in those who are active. There was an association of aerobic fitness and attention in the young and old, but not in young adults. Aerobic exercise training interventions generally resulted in positive changes, while some resistance training studies detected no evidence of an effect. Not all forms of exercise were effective. Shorter interventions were inferior with respect to longer ones. Most studies were rated with a moderate methodological quality. Conclusion: There is an association of aerobic exercise (acute and chronic) and aerobic fitness with attention. Future research should determine the dose and mechanisms by which different forms of physical activity and exercise may influence the development of different components of attention along the lifespan.     

宜春市老年人轻度认知功能障碍早期评估及干预对策

目的:探索早期识别和降低老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患病率的途径。方法:随机选择调查宜春市399名60岁以上老年人,进行蒙特利尔认知评估(北京版)(MoCA)、哈金斯基缺血指数评分(HIS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)等测查。并选取符合MCI诊断标准者和正常老年人各40例,抽取全血样本检测其ApoEε4等位基因进行对照研究。结果:共有符合MCI诊断标准者41名,患病率为10.28%。MCI患病率随增龄而增高,与受教育水平成反比,农村显著高于城市,体力劳动者显著高于脑力劳动者;在性别及婚姻状态上其差异无统计学意义。MCI组ApoEε4等位基因携带及频率分布与正常老年人组相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:低教育水平、体力劳动者、生活在农村地区、高龄对MCI的患病有显著影响,ApoEε4基因携带可能是MCI患病的危险因素。对重点人群进行MoCA评估及ApoEε4基因测定,并进行相应干预,有助于减少和预防MCI的发生。     

认知诊断评估中知识状态估计方法简述

尽管认知诊断评估的方法或模型众多,但其最终目的都是要报告被试属性掌握的强项与不足,即对被试的知识状态进行估计或分类。本文主要对规则空间模型、属性层级模型、确定性输入噪音与门模型和其他几个模型下知识状态估计方法进行简述,重点介绍各知识状态估计方法的基本思想、优缺点及它们内在的联系与区别。最后,概述影响知识状态估计结果的因素,并提出应进一步研究的问题。     

计算机英语词汇隐喻的认知研究

隐喻不仅仅是语言修辞手段,而且还是人类普遍的一种思维方式和认知手段。在计算机英语词汇中普遍存在着隐喻现象,本文基于隐喻探讨了计算机英语词汇的生成,举出了大量的词汇例证,并结合这一理论对计算机词汇中的隐喻现象进行解释和分析。从而使计算机英语词汇更易于理解和掌握。     

社交语用失误的人际功能语法视角分析

借用韩礼德所提出的关于语言的＂人际功能语法＂概念这一独特研究视角,对种种社交语用失误现象进行分析研究,指出社交语用失误的出现是由于语言使用者未能恰切地或者说最优地发挥韩礼德所提出的关于语言的＂人际功能语法＂功用的结果,强调了在外语教学中对学习者语用能力培养的重要性。并通过对在校大学生所犯语用失误的量化分析,结合外语教学自身特点尝试性地从三个方面给出了如何在外语教学中培养语言学习者的语用能力的建议,以求能够获得更好的教学效果。     

“非对称层级新闻范畴系统”创论——兼与甘惜分等学者商榷

许多学者用狭隘的语境定义新闻,这无异于削足适履,因而“非对称层级新闻范畴系统”应运而生.处于上位范畴的是新闻的核心概念:事物变动的重要信息.处于下位范畴的是:本闻,即本体论意义上的新闻,是相对于社会实践主体的事物变动的重要信息;知闻,是新闻认知主体感知到的事物变动的重要信息;媒闻,是新闻传播主体通过媒介传播的事物变动的重要信息;受闻,是新闻接受主体通过媒介接受到的客观事物变动的重要信息;馈闻,是新闻反馈主体通过媒介传播的反馈受闻的重要信息.     

视听觉障碍儿童的认知能力

本篇主要探究视听觉障碍儿童的基本认知能力。视觉障碍儿童的听觉注意、听觉记忆和听觉表象比正常人更好 ;听觉障碍儿童的视觉搜索 (视觉注意 )、视觉表象、运动表象和视觉记忆比正常人好。这些实验研究更好地支持了特殊教育的三原则     

从关联理论看词汇语用意义

词汇的语用意义产生于语言在具体语境中的使用过程中,语境在研究词汇的语用意义中有着不可或缺的作用。本文将从关联理论提出的认知语境角度分析词汇语用意义的产生机理。     

认知教学法的理论依据及其在大学英语教学中的运用

认知教学法理论强调将语言的学习和运用结合起来,在理解语言规则的前提下,进行有意识的学习和操练.我国的大学英语教学现状要求英语教师在教学实践中应采取符合学生认知心理和我国英语教学实际的认知教学法,切实提高教学效率和水平.     

‘The woods is a more free space for children to be creative; their imagination kind of sparks out there’: exploring young children’s cognitive play opportunities in natural,manufactured and mixed outdoor preschool zones

Outdoor preschools are critical for children’s play and development. Integrating observational and interview methods, this study examined four-to-five-year-old children’s cognitive play experiences in an outdoor preschool with natural, mixed and manufactured zones. The observational results indicated that the natural and mixed zones offered a diverse spectrum of cognitive play, were supportive of different learning styles and expanded their understanding about the world. Children preferred the diverse, challenging and constantly evolving natural settings in these zones. Integrating diverse natural and manufactured settings with loose elements, the mixed zone supported considerable opportunities for functional, exploratory and games with rules play behaviors. The accessible loose materials inspired children’s imagination, social engagement and games. In contrast, the manufactured zone offered the most functional and non-play behaviors, and was perceived as an unexciting, predictable and tedious environment. The findings suggest incorporating natural features and settings in outdoor preschools to support a diverse spectrum of cognitive play.