稀缺性理论与用户认知下的信息检索研究

将稀缺理论与用户认知理论结合,可以重新定义用户在信息检索过程中的认知行为,合理地阐明用户认知行为的发展趋势,提升信息检索研究的有效性与科学性。本文研究分析了稀缺心理对用户认知的动态影响过程,并在稀缺心理的基础上解释了用户潜在信息需求的深层原因。实验结果证明了用户的社交网络行为与信息检索行为之间存在一定的语义关系,通过提取用户社交网络数据,为研究用户个性化需求提供理论依据和参考依据,有利于信息检索个性化服务的实现。     

数学课堂教学任务认知水平的评价模式探究简

数学课堂教学任务认知水平是对学生学习效果进行过程性评价的重要手段,通过方差分析及回归分析影响不同学业成绩、年级、性别学生数学课堂教学任务认知水平的各种因素及其重要程度.不同学业成绩和性别的学生在任务认知水平及多数影响因素方面差异显著;不同年级的学生在任务认知水平及多数影响因素方面差异不显著;影响任务认知水平最重要的三种因素是数学教学情境、数学课堂交流、数学知识应用,构建科学的评价任务认知水平的模式,为测量学生任务认知水平和实施高水平认知要求的教学任务提供可操性方法.     

The quizzing effect depends on hope of success and can be optimized by cognitive load-based adaptation

It is well established that quizzing fosters learning. However, some gaps in the literature relating to the fit of quizzing to learner characteristics and learner perceptions during quizzing still need to be addressed. The present study focuses on two of these aspects: achievement motives and perceptions of cognitive load. First, quizzing entails that learners' performance is judged against some standard of excellence. This might make it appealing and effective for learners with high hope of success and low fear of failure in particular. Second, it is an open question whether providing quiz questions that are adapted to learners’ perceived level of cognitive load during quizzing would be beneficial. To address these questions, we randomly assigned learners to either non-adaptive quizzing, adaptive quizzing, or note-taking. We found that quizzing benefits concerning learning outcomes were moderated by hope of success. Furthermore, the adaptation via cognitive load ratings substantially increased the quizzing effect.     

行为经济学视角下终身学习困境的破解路径

终身学习强调持续性的学习过程,对于提高人口素质以适应经济社会高质量发展具有重要意义。然而,个体在终身学习中常表现出学习行动滞后于实际需求的现象,这一现实层面的终身学习困境制约了其成效的发挥。从行为经济学视角来看,终身学习需求与实际行动不一致的原因在于学习者存在短视认知偏差,这使其更看重学习的短期收益与成本的对比,而对长期效用考虑较少。因此,为破解终身学习困境,可通过降低相对学习成本来提升学习的主动性,提升社会成员的受教育水平和信息技术素养以纠正和调节短视认知偏差,并采取锁定机制对短视认知偏差进行约束。基于中国综合社会调查数据的实证分析结果表明上述路径切实有效。未来,应当注重多元主体参与以丰富终身学习资源供给和降低学习成本,构建高质量的教育体系以提升社会成员的学校教育水平和信息技术素养,强化"技能—工作"匹配以纠正终身学习中的短视认知偏差。     

认知弹性设计下自我调节学习行为影响学习成绩的机制研究

在线学习环境下开展复杂知识的教学实践往往效果不佳,有学者尝试使用认知弹性理论来改善教学设计、优化学习效果,但基于此理论设计的非线性超文本结构对学习者的自我调节学习又提出了更高的要求。自我调节学习行为对学习成绩的影响不是简单的对称线性关系,而是以整体的组合方式作用于学习过程。文章采用定性比较分析法,从组态视角深度剖析认知弹性设计下影响自我调节学习行为的内在机制,探讨各行为及各行为间组合导致不同学习成绩的原因。研究发现:(1)计划阶段的设置目标行为是导致较好学习成绩的必要不充分条件;(2)计划阶段的制订计划行为是影响学习成绩的无关条件;(3)执行阶段的自我监测和自我调节行为能起到明显的补益作用;(4)反思阶段进行适应性自我反应行为对提高学习成绩更有效。研究结论验证了早期发现,完善了自我调节学习理论,补充并拓展了在线学习的认知弹性设计。     

Investigation of the determinants for misinformation correction effectiveness on social media during COVID-19 pandemic

The rapid dissemination of misinformation in social media during the COVID-19 pandemic triggers panic and threatens the pandemic preparedness and control. Correction is a crucial countermeasure to debunk misperceptions. However, the effective mechanism of correction on social media is not fully verified. Previous works focus on psychological theories and experimental studies, while the applicability of conclusions to the actual social media is unclear. This study explores determinants governing the effectiveness of misinformation corrections on social media with a combination of a data-driven approach and related theories on psychology and communication. Specifically, referring to the Backfire Effect, Source Credibility, and Audience’s role in dissemination theories, we propose five hypotheses containing seven potential factors (regarding correction content and publishers’ influence), e.g., the proportion of original misinformation and warnings of misinformation. Then, we obtain 1487 significant COVID-19 related corrections on Microblog between January 1st, 2020 and April 30th, 2020, and conduct annotations, which characterize each piece of correction based on the aforementioned factors. We demonstrate several promising conclusions through a comprehensive analysis of the dataset. For example, mentioning excessive original misinformation in corrections would not undermine people’s believability within a short period after reading; warnings of misinformation in a demanding tone make correction worse; determinants of correction effectiveness vary among different topics of misinformation. Finally, we build a regression model to predict correction effectiveness. These results provide practical suggestions on misinformation correction on social media, and a tool to guide practitioners to revise corrections before publishing, leading to ideal efficacies.     

社会负面现象对大学生思想道德和法律素质的影响及对策——兼论对高校思想政治教育品牌的影响

社会转型期的中国,社会负面现象不可避免地有着一定的存在空间,其对青年大学生具有着较强的＂冲击力＂,直接影响到大学生思想道德素质和法律素质的培养、理想信念的树立与历史使命的担当。文章立足大学生认知特点,分析社会负面现象的消极影响,从而探寻减少和避免社会负面现象对大学生思想政治和法律素质产生消极影响的积极方法。     

Unifying cognition,emotion, and activity in language teacher professional development

Emotions in the learning-to-teach experience are often ignored or downplayed by teacher educators. Using content and discourse analysis of a novice language teacher's journals, we demonstrate that the pervasive emotional content, reflecting individual teacher's perezhivanie, is a motivated, structural component of teachers' processes of cognitive development. Emotional content indexes dissonance between the ideal and reality, offering potential growth points. We apply a SCOBA of language teacher learning that unifies the dynamic, dialectical relationship among emotion, cognition, and activity, in order to orient teacher educators in mediating novice language teachers' professional development responsively.     

Do preschool executive function skills explain the school readiness gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children?

We examine the extent to which executive functions (EFs), as opposed to other cognitive skills, account for socioeconomically based disparities in school readiness. Participants are 226 American children (aged 36–71 months) enrolled in either needs-based or private preschools. Children completed 6 tasks designed to measure EFs as well as assessments of general intelligence and speed of cognitive processing. Children were also assessed on math, reading, and vocabulary skills. EFs accounted for unique variance across all academic measures even when controlling for speed of processing and general intelligence and partially accounted for disparities in school readiness associated with type of preschool enrollment. When vocabulary was controlled in the model, EFs only mediated associations between type of preschool and math. Vocabulary skills accounted for associations between socioeconomic status and both math and reading achievement. General intelligence and speed of processing did not uniquely account for associations between disadvantage and school readiness.     

Child maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal thinking explain the association?

Criminal thinking styles were examined as mediational links between different forms of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect) and adult criminal behaviors in 338 recently adjudicated men. Analyses revealed positive associations between child sexual abuse and sexual offenses as an adult, and between child physical abuse/neglect and endorsing proactive and reactive criminal thinking styles. Mediation analyses showed that associations between overall maltreatment history and adult criminal behaviors were accounted for by general criminal thinking styles and both proactive and reactive criminal thinking. These findings suggest a potential psychological pathway to criminal behavior associated with child maltreatment. Limitations of the study as well as research and clinical implications of the results are discussed.