The relationship between performance on mathematical word problems and language proficiency for students learning through the medium of Irish

Ireland has two official languages—Gaeilge (Irish) and English. Similarly, primary- and second-level education can be mediated through the medium of Gaeilge or through the medium of English. This research is primarily focused on students (Gaeilgeoirí) in the transition from Gaeilge-medium mathematics education to English-medium mathematics education. Language is an essential element of learning, of thinking, of understanding and of communicating and is essential for mathematics learning. The content of mathematics is not taught without language and educational objectives advocate the development of fluency in the mathematics register. The theoretical framework underpinning the research design is Cummins’ (1976). Thresholds Hypothesis. This hypothesis infers that there might be a threshold level of language proficiency that bilingual students must achieve both in order to avoid cognitive deficits and to allow the potential benefits of being bilingual to come to the fore. The findings emerging from this study provide strong support for Cummins’ Thresholds Hypothesis at the key transitions—primary- to second-level and second-level to third-level mathematics education—in Ireland. Some implications and applications for mathematics teaching and learning are presented.

“输入假说”的认知基础研究

可理解输入对语言习得的作用验证了输入假说对于外语教学的积极作用。在语言理解过程中学习者对语言输入的注意是摄入语言和使语言转化为内在知识的认知基础和关键。将输入假说理论与互相协商理论相结合,对外语教学会有较大的意义。     

The optimal object posture that minimizes contact forces in grasping

Because of the ill-posedness of grasping, one feasible method must be selected from possible strategies. Among many factors, this paper focuses on the posture of an object: which object direction is best when it is grasped. Then, the object is assumed to be held with three points where the contact forces can be generated in any directions. To evaluate the object posture, the norm of contact force vector consisting of the normal and tangential forces is selected. Consequently, the contact force becomes minimal when the center of mass of the grasped object and the centroid of the triangle composed by three contact points are aligned in the gravitational direction.     

科学假说的信念成分及其对科学知识确定性的影响

科学假说作为对问题的一种试探性和推测性的断言,有信念的成分。由于人们对世界的无知和认识必须有一个确信的支点,使科学研究只能采取并围绕具有信念性的假说形式展开。正是科学假说的猜测性,使得从其出发经过推理论证所获得的科学知识具有更大的不确定性。科学家的工作,就是在经验事实材料与构想的理论假说之间来回穿梭,并试图借助于理性逻辑建立二之间的必然联系。但是这种必然性是不存在的,科学家正是在揭示那虚假的必然性中推动科学发展的。     

联系数学与T检验在差异显著性检验中的比较研究

本文把联系数学的理论运用于显著性检验,并与传统的体育统计“T”检验作比较,得出该方法较传统方法更为合理、优越,易为广大体育教师所接受,值得推广。     

对体育统计学中假设检验章节教学方法的探讨

假设检验在体育统计学教学中占有重要地位。为了克服学生学习中的畏难情绪,调动其学习积极性,采用了框图、表格与精讲相结合的施教方法。实践证明,教学效果较好。     

Online Contact,Face-to-Face Contact,and Multilingualism: Young Swedish-Speaking Finns Develop Trilingual Identities

Based on the tenets of the social context model of second language acquisition, the present article examined the combined effect of online and face-to-face contact in developing multilingual skills and identities among young Swedish-speaking Finns (N = 304). The hypotheses were tested for Finnish as a second language and English as a third language using parallel models. The results were largely identical for both languages. Specifically, online contact enhanced language confidence which, in turn, contributed to language identity. However, online contact had a more substantial effect on confidence as well as identity among those who had little face-to-face contact with speakers of the given language. Findings and their implications are discussed.     

不同环境规制政策对中国规模以上工业企业技术创新的影响

考察不同环境规制工具对中国企业技术创新及路径选择的影响,有利于中国实施高效的环境规制政策。本文使用2013—2017年中国30个省规模以上工业企业的面板数据,将企业技术创新分为内部自主研发和外部引进,探究市场激励型和命令控制型两类环境规制政策对工业企业技术创新的影响。结果表明：①两类环境规制工具对企业技术创新均发挥了不同程度的促进作用,且呈现出一定的结构和时序特征,部分验证了波特假说“弱”版本。具体如下：命令控制型工具在2016年新一轮“环保风暴”后对企业创新行为具有显著的促进作用;市场激励型工具对企业创新行为具有显著促进作用,但呈现作用随年递减的趋势;相较于企业技术引进而言,两类环境规制工具对企业自主研发的激励效果更大;在市场激励型工具中,碳交易市场对工业企业技术创新发挥了促进作用,且主要体现在外部引进方面。②分地区而言,东部和中部地区的结果与全国的结果呈现出相对的一致性;西部的结果符合波特假说“狭义”版本,即市场激励型环境政策工具比命令控制型环境规制对西部工业企业的创新激励更大。本文创新性地在环境规制中引入了可再生能源发电补贴和碳排放交易制度,细化了波特假说的内在作用机制,为国家进一步优化环境政策体系进而激励工业企业技术创新提供了科学依据。     

论和谐管理

和谐管理是一种服务型、人性化和自组织的新型管理模式。和谐管理的哲学语境是从斗争哲学向“和”哲学的转换,“和谐人”假设是和谐管理的人性论基础。和谐管理有利于实现人与人的和谐,有利于促进组织内部各要素的和谐,有利于构建和谐的国际关系。实现和谐管理,就要解决管理过程中的各种矛盾,协调好各种关系。     

走向复杂人性论：当代新型教师应采取的人性假设取向

本文从人性假设的视角来分析当今教师对学生的分析应该采取的人性假设。文中通过对传统师生关系的演变透析其背后的教师所采用的人性假设,认为“以教师为中心”的师生关系中,教师对学生人性假设是：学生的本性是恶的;而“以学生为中心”的师生关系中,教师的假设是：学生的本性是善的。但这些假设都是单一的、二元对立思维在教育领域的呈现,在这些假设指引下,教师的教学质量很难说是令人满意的。为此,本文在对上述两种师生关系模式分析的基础上,提出当今教师对学生的人性假设取向：学生的本性是复杂的。教师在此假设指引下,从教学设计、教学过程和教学反思三方面来落实和改进自己的教学,从而促进师生双方的发展和进步。