Neuromuscular,biochemical and perceptual post-match fatigue in professional rugby league forwards and backs

Abstract

In this study, we investigated changes in creatine kinase, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue of professional rugby league players after match-play. Twenty-three male rugby league players (10 backs, 13 forwards) had their creatine kinase, perceptual ratings of fatigue, attitude to training, muscle soreness, and flight time in a countermovement jump measured before and 1 and 2 days after (day 1 and day 2 respectively) league matches. Total playing time, offensive and defensive contacts were also recorded for each player. Creatine kinase was higher both 1 and 2 days after than before matches (P < 0.05) in forwards and backs. Similarly, perceived fatigue and muscle soreness were higher than pre-match on both days 1 and 2 (P < 0.05), but did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Jump performance was lower on day 1 but not day 2 for both groups (P < 0.05). While total playing time was longer in backs (P < 0.05), relative frequencies for all contacts were greater in forwards (P < 0.05). Contacts for forwards were correlated with all markers of fatigue (P < 0.05), but only flight time was correlated with offensive contacts in backs (P < 0.05). Despite the mechanisms of fatigue being different between forwards and backs, our results highlight the multidimensional nature of fatigue after a rugby league match and that these markers do not differ between positions.     

科学检验的复杂性探析——兼谈科学是否是真理

 科学通常由四个部分组成,科学事实;用猜测的原因对科学事实进行解释;推演出相应的定律、公式、预言等;对这些定律、公式、预言等进行严格检验.无论从理论上还是从实际情况看,运用观察或实验方法对科学进行严格检验都涉及到非常复杂的认识论问题.这些问题包括:经验事实并没有完全的客观性;相同的经验事实可以证明不同的科学假说;观察或实验本身是可错的;"后件为真(假),前件亦为真(假)"的科学检验原则无逻辑依据.因此在自然科学领域,科学检验是一个非常复杂的问题.     

我国保险产业市场结构与绩效的关联性分析

对于市场结构与市场绩效的关系问题,理论界存在两个较为权威的假说,即共谋假说和效率结构假说。将通过对我国财产保险和人身保险业市场结构与市场绩效的实证分析来验证这两个假说对保险产业的适用性。     

基于普遍语法的二语习得初始状态研究综述

普遍语法理论是针对儿童“语言习得的问题”提出来的,儿童能够高效而成功地获得母语的根本原因是儿童拥有天生的语言能力或语言习得机制。普遍语法产生后被众多二语研究者引入到二语习得领域,其中大量的研究集中在二语初始状态的问题。对普遍语法框架下的二语初始状态的相关研究成果进行综述,可厘清其研究现状及存在的问题．为相关后续研究提供理论参考。     

多模态互动的英语阅读教学模式

英语阅读教学中互动假设和多模态的协同配合越来越受到关注。英语阅读教学中的多模态互动包括师师互动、师生互动和生生互动,其实施策略主要是课前准备、课堂合作和课后要求,并且这种多模态互动有利于学生的英语阅读能力和多模态识读能力的提高。     

社会情结与新时期现代主义小说形态

20世纪80年代中期的现代主义小说,在融合西方现代主义文学思潮的过程中,创作主体的社会意识介入,影响了其"艺术的假定性"原则的运用、艺术感知方式转化和创作文本的哲学性超越,表现出新奇怪诞的艺术内容缺少西方现代主义那种深刻独特的哲学意识作依托的现象。     

The relationship between performance on mathematical word problems and language proficiency for students learning through the medium of Irish

Ireland has two official languages—Gaeilge (Irish) and English. Similarly, primary- and second-level education can be mediated through the medium of Gaeilge or through the medium of English. This research is primarily focused on students (Gaeilgeoirí) in the transition from Gaeilge-medium mathematics education to English-medium mathematics education. Language is an essential element of learning, of thinking, of understanding and of communicating and is essential for mathematics learning. The content of mathematics is not taught without language and educational objectives advocate the development of fluency in the mathematics register. The theoretical framework underpinning the research design is Cummins’ (1976). Thresholds Hypothesis. This hypothesis infers that there might be a threshold level of language proficiency that bilingual students must achieve both in order to avoid cognitive deficits and to allow the potential benefits of being bilingual to come to the fore. The findings emerging from this study provide strong support for Cummins’ Thresholds Hypothesis at the key transitions—primary- to second-level and second-level to third-level mathematics education—in Ireland. Some implications and applications for mathematics teaching and learning are presented.

输入假说与英文电影在大学英语教学中的应用

通过分析中国期刊全文数据库中搜索到的近十年相关研究成果,概述大学英语教学应用英文电影提高学生英语综合应用能力的研究成果特点,指出成绩和存在的空白,结合《大学英语课程教学要求》的培养目标、教学理念和输入假说理论,探讨该领域有待进一步发展和探索的空间并提出一些建议。     

Interference, Inhibition, and Learning Disability: A Commentary on Dempster and Corkill

This paper examines the implications of Dempster and Corkill's Interference and Inhibition in Cognition and Behavior: Unifying Themes for Educational Psychology for the field of learning disabilities (LD). The LD concept has been anchored in assumptions that the condition is related to neurological dysfunction and psychological processing deficits. These concepts have proved problematic, and consequently, theoretical understanding of LD has been limited. The concepts of interference and inhibition offer two advantages for explaining LD. First, they suggest a different perspective about the nature of process deficits associated with LD. Second, they may be more confidently related to brain functioning. A more comprehensive view of LD is thus possible that may lead to enhanced understanding and explanation.     

身体、自然与东方性：从民间跨界 格斗看传统武术的本质

马保国与王庆民的格斗赛属于跨界格斗。从本质上说，跨界格斗是对体育精神的一种背离。从观剧学的角度看，跨界格斗是喜剧而非悲剧。跨界格斗显示了中国人喜好热闹而不爱科学的习惯，反映的是中国人的社会性好奇心。跨界格斗有充足的人类学意义，而无任何体育学的意义。其所体现的是一种人在自然形态下的假设能力，而非体育语境中的比赛能力。跨界格斗的文明性要大于文化性，娱乐性大于体育性，假设性大于实践性，仪式性大于自然性。