论美国革命后英国帝国观念的变化

美国革命以后 ,英国政府从美国革命中吸取教训 ,对其帝国政策进行了调整。英国工业革命的发展 ,对外贸易变得越来越重要 ,成了英国经济的生命线。英国政府及国内民众的帝国观念也发生了很大变化 ,英国已经对拓殖新的殖民地不感兴趣 ,英国此时强调的是占据贸易商埠及战略基地     

Introduction to this Special Issue

In 2001, for the first time in the history of the International Association for Counselling, International Conference was held in a developing Asian country–India, with the theme Families in Transition–Counselling in Transition–Meeting the Challenges Ahead. This special issue contains some of the presentations made by Indian participants during this conference which best reflect the challenges and diversities of counseling efforts with families in India. The first article was specially written for this issue in order to give an international relationship of this journal an in depth contextual understanding of Indian families in transition and the challenges they pose to the contemporary Indian counselor. Two articles are reflected to counseling families affected by socio-politial and economic changes. Five authors have written on counseling related to physical and mental disability/addiction and last two articles are reflected to authors experiences as family counselors.     

先秦诸子散文中两种文化差异成因之浅探

先秦诸子散文中存在着两种文化差异。儒家文化孕育于史官文化的土壤，道家文化成长在巫卜文化的沃野，由于这两种文化所处地域各部落原始崇拜的不同而形成不同的文化环境，加之学术承传的相异，个体的文化差异导致了这两种文化的差异。     

从非言语交际看东西方文化差异--时间、空间、沉默传递不同的非言语交际信息

非言语行为与言语行为一样，因文化的不同往往赋予不同的意义。在文化交际过程中，由于不同的文化对非言语行为的不同解释，往往会产生误解。非言语交际以往多被看作体态语的代名词，其实它的范围远远超过了单纯的体态语。从人的身体距离、座位安排、家具布置到一种文化成员对待时间的态度。沉默的使用，我们可以了解一种文化最根本的态度和价值观。     

贵州省苗族地区中小学民族文化课程开发的个案研究

通过对贵州省苗族地区中小学民族文化课程开发现状的个案调查，发现民族地区民族文化课程开发还停留在浅层面，学校课程尚未成为民族文化传承的主渠道，地方课程资源开发不力，致使学生对民族义化疏于了解。就此认为民族地区基础教育民族文化课程的开发应从观念层面、政策层面、支持系统及实践层面等方面进行，以推进民族文化课程的实施。     

热学孤立系统中温升变化的实验分析

通过对热学孤立系统中温升变化的实验分析，阐明影响热学孤立系统实验结果的主要因素，所得到的结论对热学孤立系统的同类实验也适用。     

Effect of Air Velocity on Thermal Comfort under Thermal Environment Ramp Changing

Set points of the indoor air temperature and relative humidity in short-term staying location were studied. In this condition, the thermal reaction of human body varied with the ramp changes of the environmental thermal parameters. The change rules of about 60 subjects‘ thermal reaction to the ramp change of environment were surveyed, and the effect of air movement on the thermal reaction during transient condition was considered by using a questionnaire. With the experimental results and research findings under stable condition, a way to set environmental parameters of short-time staying location was recommended.     

Conceptual change through vicarious learning in an authentic physics setting

Recent research on principles of best practice for designing effective multimedia instruction has rarely taken into account students’ alternative conceptions, which are known to strongly influence learning. The goal of this study was to determine how well students of quantum mechanics could learn ‘vicariously’ by watching a student-tutor dialogue based on alternative conceptions. Two video treatments were created to summarize key aspects of quantum tunneling, a fundamental quantum mechanical phenomenon. One video depicted a student-tutor dialogue, incorporating many of the common alternative conceptions on the topic, and resolving inconsistencies in reasoning through discussion. The other presented the same correct physics material in an expository style without alternative conceptions. Second year physics students were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments and were tested before and after watching the video during a lecture. Results show a statistically significant (p < .01) advantage for the learners in the dialogue treatment (d = 0.71). Follow-up interviews of students yielded insight into the affective and cognitive benefits of the dialogue video.     

Theory Competition and the Process of Change

The reasons why many educational change initiatives have little impact are often framed in terms of either a poorly designed process on the part of the change initiator, or in terms of problems with the attitudes, skills and/or knowledge of those responsible for implementation. In this paper, we seek to integrate these two perspectives more closely by focusing on their interface and the competing theories frequently held by the change initiators and implementers. This concept of theory competition is illustrated with a case of a national literacy initiative in New Zealand in which the change initiators wished to raise the achievement of low performing students through the development of “learning-centred” leadership in schools and evidence-based practice. The desired outcomes were not achieved because theories about what it means to be a successful leader in such a situation, the data needed to undertake the type of evidence-based analysis envisioned and school personnel beliefs about the target students were understood differently by those responsible for initiating the change and those responsible for implementing it.