A Normative Approach to Shaping College Students' Attitudes Toward Organ Donation

This study tested the effects of normative influence on increasing college students' attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate about organ and tissue donation (OTD). It was hypothesized that students would look to their peers (referent group) in forming their own attitudes about organ donation. Three hundred thirty-nine (N = 339) participants were randomly assigned to one of five experimental conditions: (1) control group; (2) general referent/normative message group; (3) specific referent/normative message group; (4) general referent/counternormative message group; and (5) specific referent/counternormative message group. An interaction effect was predicted between message type (normative > counternormative) and attributed message source (specific referent > general referent). Students reported highly favorable attitudes toward OTD, moderate-to-high levels of intentions to become organ donors and willingness to communicate about OTD. The hypothesis that participants within the normative message condition would report more favorable attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate about OTD compared to participants within the counternormative message condition was supported for participants' willingness to communicate about OTD. The second hypothesis that participants within the specific referent condition would express more favorable attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate was rejected.     

以公共图书馆免费服务为抓手 规范图书馆服务

从免费开放服务入手,展开论述,从而强化图书馆免费开放服务的重要性。     

社会转型中的新闻评论与社会规范

在社会转型中以习惯、道德、法律为表现形态的社会规范,仍然应该是言论的准则,对于新闻评论产生重要的影响。新闻评论的一般性规范包括自由民主法治开放的精神,提倡自由民主的讨论,为受众提供表达不同意见的机会;坚持国家利益原则;坚持公平正义平等的原则;坚持公共利益原则;坚持理性客观的原则;坚持以人为本的原则,尊重基本人权。     

Predicted outcome value in initial conversations

This study provides an initial test of several predicted outcome value theory (Sunnafrank, 1986) propositions. Findings supported all hypotheses tested, demonstrating that during initial conversations predicted outcome value is strongly and positively related to amount of verbal communication, intimacy of communication content, nonverbal affiliation, liking, and perceived similarity.     

高考命题中的分数分布模拟与预测——难度常模的具体应用

难度常模的构建不仅带来了命题理念的转变和命题过程中控制技术的突破与改进,也大大简化了考试分数分布的模拟与预测过程。借助难度常模模拟和预测考试分数分布有两种方法:逐题比较法和分类合并法,分别适用于题目数较少与题目数较多的试卷。前者通过题目指标预估表和命题蓝图二者的比对,同时在难度常模中比对配对题目的数据预测分数分布;后者先将题目按难度和区分功能类型进行合并,再查询难度常模估取相应题目数据,计算得到各目标群体的得分情况。     

思想政治教育有效性研究:在事实与规范之间

在当代社会中,人的主体性逐渐迷失。这对思想政治教育提出了新的挑战。传统教育方式难以达到成效。因此,必须寻找新的有效方式促进思想政治教育效果的实现。以制度规范方式进行思想政治教育是具有可行性的,但是思想政治教育的目光必须徘徊在事实和规范之间,并对两者具有灵敏性和适应性。     

率差标准的确定和难度常模的建立——对2004—2009年高考北京卷的实证研究

难度常模即具有特定局部区分功能的一组组题目的按难度值排列的有序集合,其核心是难度系数与区分功能的对应关系。题目区分功能的定位是难度常模制作过程的关键一步,本研究为此划分了目标群体和临界参照群体,并结合统计和数学方法为各种区分类型设定了率差数量标准。基于上述方法,结合大量数据统计与分析,高考北京卷各个学科的难度常模得以初步建立,但其发展和完善仍留待数据的进一步积累和研究的进一步深入。     

Challenges of applying a student-centered approach to learning in the context of education in Kyrgyzstan

The challenge of maximizing student learning has been paramount in many societies. This issue has become especially salient in the context of drastic social and political changes that have taken place in countries such as Kyrgyzstan. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, teachers and students are confronted with new ways of thinking, which are challenging their understanding of how to promote efficient learning. In this paper, the challenges of applying and developing a new approach to learning, the student-centered approach, will be discussed within the framework of a Normative Theory of Social Change.     

Replication of a Rank-Framed Social Norms Experiment

Decades of research on the social norms approach (SNA) has shown that informing people of how their behavior compares to their peers is an effective way to reduce risky behavior. The SNA has been particularly successful at reducing drinking on college campuses. However, one recent study may have found a way to improve upon the SNA: rank-framing messages. This study found that reframing social norms messages to show how students’ alcohol consumption ranks relative to their peers is more effective at increasing information seeking. The current study is a replication of this study. Rank-framed messages did decrease drinking behaviors but did not increase information seeking. Possible explanations and the potential merit of rank-framed social norms interventions are discussed.     

lp-乘积空间的商空间的若干性质

引入了lp-乘积空间和其商空间的概念,并通过∑ ∞i=1Xip上某些性质诱导出其商空间(∑ ∞i=1Xi)/S上的一些性质.