常见便携式遥测气体代谢仪核心测量指标的信度和效度分析

现代社会生活方式的改变,给人类健康带来极大的威胁。通过增加日常体力活动量（约占总能量消耗量的20%）,可以有效减少和控制慢性非传染性疾病的发生和发展,减轻社会医疗负担。便携式遥测气体代谢仪可测量自由状态下的体力活动量,因而被广泛应用于智能手机、可穿戴和虚拟现实设备的开发和应用,以及竞技体育科研等健康促进领域的研究,目前对便携式遥测气体代谢仪准确的使用范围知之不深。本文对常见的几种便携式遥测气体代谢仪（包括：Cosmed K4b2、Metamax 3B/VmaxST、Oxycon Mobile、VO2000）在不同环境、不同条件下测量的信度和效度及其核心指标VO2、VCO2和VE进行分析,以期为相关的研究和应用提供参考。     

Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths: Analysis of U.S. counties

PurposeThe study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents.MethodsData were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 counties and equivalents, including the District of Columbia. Subjective health ratings, percentage uninsured, percentage unemployed, median household income, percentage female residents, percentage White residents, percentage of residents 65 years of age or older, and rural designation served as controls.ResultsThe two-level random intercept regression showed that physical activity rates at the county level were statistically and negatively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. Additional analyses showed that physical activity rates moderated the relationship between cases and deaths, such that the relationship was strongest when physical activity rates were low.ConclusionThe results presented here offer empirical evidence of the benefits of county-level physical activity during a pandemic. Implications for public health and physical activity provision are discussed.     

韩国港湾公社(PA)的现状和发展前景

当今世界主要海港城市港口管理的总体发展趋势是通过引人港湾公社制度进行管理的模式,韩国主要港口实行的港湾公社制度及其成果,对中国港口经营也有借鉴意义。韩国自2004年从釜山开始设立港湾公社制度后先后设立了仁川、蔚山和丽水光洋等四个国家港湾公社,2001年设立了京畿道地方政府出资的平泽港湾公社。自治、分权及效率是港湾公社制度最显著的特征,只有准确评价港湾公社的经营业绩,才能判断引进港湾公社制度的成功与否。对港湾公社经营业绩产生影响的主要因素有港湾公社的组织结构、控股模式、经营管理特征、最高经营者的出身及关注点和能力、客户管理、经济形势以及政府支援等。     

青春期少女不同体重水平与影响身体活动因子的相关性研究

体重过度增长成为今天危害中国青少年最为严重的健康问题之一。由于女子在任何年龄段比男子更少身体活动,并且这种差异在青春期表现的尤为突出,因此必需采取相应的预防措施,以防止或降低由于身体缺少活动而导致青春期少女肥胖。本研究通过比较城乡少女不同体重水平下身体活动相关因子,为指导今后干预措施提供借鉴依据。来自江西省3所中学446名女生作为研究对象,将其按家庭住地分层,体重水平状态分组,基于身体活动标准,再分为活跃组和低活跃组。采用混合模型的方差分析比较各组因子。无论社会认知还是环境变量在不同体重水平下城乡女少女没有差异,知觉行为控制在活跃组得分更高,总体而言,城市少女的社会认知变量与活跃水平相关性更高,而乡村少女的环境因子与活跃水平具有更多的相关性。故身体活动干预,不应单以体重水平为依据,应建立在身体活动水平和家庭背景,满足女性特殊需要的基础上。     

Retention of prose following testing with different types of tests

Taking a test on a passage one has just studied is known to enhance later retention of the passing contents. This study examined the effects of three types of initial test on later retention: a short-answer test, a multiple-choice test, and a full free-recall test. Questions on the first two of these tests covered only half of the passage contents. Later retention was compared for both initially tested content and un-tested content with that of a control group not initially tested on the passage at all. The subjects were 57 secondary school students who studied a brief history text before taking one of the initial tests. All were given retention tests 2 weeks later. The classical testing effect (enhanced retention due to initial testing) was shown to be influenced by the type of initial test used. Thus, a testing effect was evident in the case of the initial short-answer test, but not in the case of either of the other two tests. A depth-of-processing view is advanced in interpreting this finding. The testing effect was found not to generalize to untested content and in one condition (the initial multiple-choice test), retention of untested content was depressed.     

Culture and counseling in the Philippines

An examination of experiences as a counselor in the Philippines suggests at least three important domains of difference in the counseling process: the content of problems, modes of relationships and presumed causes of difficulties. Filipino counselees in a university setting struggled with family control, and rebelled against a double standard of morals. They found it difficult to trust a counselor who was not part of the extended family and they attributed their difficulties to external, social rather than intrapsychic factors. In light of these cultural differences counselors must respond to their problems as Filipinos perceive them and explore ways of changing the social environment of the client. This is in contrast to the strategy of North American counselors who seek to change the client's methods of dealing with himself.     

High school student satisfaction and perceptions of the school environment

The satisfaction of high school students was studied using an adaptation of reinforcement theory. An instrument entitled Students and Their Schools was developed to assess the perceived availability and value of 35 different academic and interpersonal dimensions of the high school environment and student satisfaction with these areas. This was distributed to 411 students in two city and three suburban public high schools. Availability of resources alone is more highly related to satisfaction than their value. Small but consistent differences were found between male and female students, with suburban females reporting lower levels of availability and satisfaction but higher value ratings than other students. City students have higher levels of satisfaction, but lower levels of value, than suburban students. Most of the differences concerned academic aspects of school and interactions with administrators and faculty. If students perceive a high availability of rewarding aspects of their school environment, they report higher levels of satisfaction with school. Thus, an adaptation of reinforcement theory can be used as an empirical measure of student satisfaction with school.