美国亚太再平衡战略进展受限

奥巴马的“亚太再平衡”战略旨在树立美国在亚太地区的主导地位,其中带有浓重的霸权主义色彩。由于美国亚太战略的根本目的不是要实现地区和谐共进,而是主要满足美国利益需求;实施手段也并非是融合区域内新兴力量,全面整合资源,而是侧重排他甚至是遏制非同盟国家,所以其发展空间必然严重受限。现在,奥巴马亚太战略面临严峻考验,地区局势更加难以捉摸。     

A review of conservation treatments of waterlogged basketry from the northwest coast of North America

Abstract

Basketry artifacts fabricated from spruce and cedar limb wood and root and the inner bark of yellow and western red cedar have been found in water-saturated archaeological sites in the Pacific Northwest since the mid-twentieth century. These artifacts range in age from a few centuries to more than 5000 years old. While these materials retain their overall physical structure due to burial in an anoxic environment they are degraded on the cellular level. Experiments and treatments performed by archaeologists and conservators over the past 50 years have attempted to stabilize these degraded structures and minimize splitting, crumbing, and distortion of the woven structures as they dried. Many of these tests and treatments are published in out-of-print conference proceedings or remain unpublished in conservation lab records. This review of tests and treatments as well as a current condition assessment of several collections brings this information together for the first time and allows conservators and archaeologists specializing in these treatments to see the broader arch of success and failure of the preservation of waterlogged basketry materials.     

太平洋战争爆发后美国对中国国际地位的影响

鸦片战争后中国不可避免地进入国际社会,此后中国在相当长的一段时间里都不能以平等的地位出现在国际社会中.“九·一八”事件后,中国人民开始了艰苦的抗日战争.战争初期,国际社会对中国抗日战争采取漠视态度,中国处于孤立抗日的境地.随着国际形势的不断变化,中国的抗战极大地推动了世界反法西斯战争,以美国为首的国际社会对中国的态度逐渐改变.太平洋战争爆发后,为了战时和战后的需要,美国将提高中国国际地位作为自己的一项亚洲政策,不断地推动中国国际地位的提高.     

Large shift of the Pacific Walker Circulation across the Cenozoic

Fluctuations in the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC), a zonally oriented overturning cell across the tropical Pacific, can cause widespread climatic and biogeochemical perturbations. It remains unknown how the PWC developed during the Cenozoic era, with its substantial changes in greenhouse gases and continental positions. Through a suite of coupled model simulations on tectonic timescales, we demonstrate that the PWC was ∼38° broader and ∼5% more intense during the Early Eocene relative to present. As the climate cooled from the Early Eocene to the Late Miocene, the width of the PWC shrank, accompanied by an increase in intensity that was tied to the enhanced Pacific zonal temperature gradient. However, the locations of the western and eastern branches behave differently from the Early Eocene to the Late Miocene, with the western edge remaining steady with time due to the relatively stable geography of the western tropical Pacific; the eastern edge migrates westward with time as the South American continent moves northwest. A transition occurs in the PWC between the Late Miocene and Late Pliocene, manifested by an eastward shift (both the western and eastern edges migrate eastward by >12°) and weakening (by ∼22%), which we show here is linked with the closure of the tropical seaways. Moreover, our results suggest that rising CO₂ favors a weaker PWC under the same land-sea configurations, a robust feature across the large spread of Cenozoic climates considered here, supporting a weakening of the PWC in a warmer future.     

REPRESENTING ‘INFORMAL EMPIRE’ IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

This article proposes an approach to media imperialism from the telegraphic news agencies’ point of view. Since the mid-nineteenth century, in fact, Western imperial interests were reflected in the geographical expansion led by the first international news agencies. The War of the Pacific (1879–83) in South America provides an entry point for investigating both the notion of the British ‘informal empire’ and the role of the first telegraphic news agencies in the South American region. The history of the news agency business in the subcontinent from the 1850s onwards helps contextualize the conflict between the South American republics of Bolivia, Chile and Peru as news agencies, newspapers and other information practices of the time revealed this event in Europe and the rest of the world. By the end of the war, Reuters and Havas (the British and the French news agencies), numbered their own casualties as a consequence of their confrontation in an extra-European region.     

Raising retention rates towards achieving vocational and career aspirations in Pacific communities

ABSTRACT

There is a need for culturally relevant and appropriate retention programs within a climate of ever-increasing neo-liberalism that is seeking to change the very nature and underlying rationale of higher education. This article is posited alongside the reflections of past and current university students, who highlight various socio-economic and socio-cultural pressures which affect their ability to maintain engagement within tertiary institutions in which they strive to study. Pressures include the neo-liberal ideology of unfettered individualism within a higher education setting, which seeks to make the university a competitive producer of ‘consumers’ rather than life-long learners who serve and benefit their families and wider communities through knowledge creation and critical application. The article also highlights key factors that may assist in the retention of students from Pacific communities in Australia. This includes the need to create a collective voice, the ability to have staff who exercise culturally appropriate support and understanding, opportunities to develop greater sense of belonging and connection to University spaces that create an engagement within a cultural context, support to manage conflicting expectations and priorities, ability to inspire and effect change in others through maintaining study commitments, and the need to work to still support educational costs and family.     

从2012年泛太平洋冰壶锦标赛看中国冰壶队亟待解决的问题

通过对2012年泛太平洋冰壶锦标赛赛况进行分析,得出中国男女冰壶队虽在泛太平洋冰壶锦标赛上双双获得冠军,但也暴露出了他们的短板:技术无优势,靠经验在比赛;轻敌与骄傲的心理导致发挥不稳定,出现单局丢大分的低级错误;国内教练水平与国外教练还存在差距;后备人才匮乏、场地稀缺制约冰壶发展;运动员培养体制的弊端开始显现等亟待解决的问题,为中国冰壶运动的发展提供有价值的参考。     

馆藏纲要方法的理论与实践的发展

馆藏纲要是美国研究图书馆集团发明的馆藏管理的工具,它在馆藏发展政策的制订中,在合作馆藏发展的协调中起着重要的作用。对于馆藏纲要方法的产生背景、含义及其在国外从试用到广泛应用的情况的论述有助于更好地了解馆藏纲要：馆藏纲要方法在应用过程中产生的变化在于内涵和形式得到扩展及发展出了馆藏评估软件。     

Coaching whiteness: stories of ‘Pacifica exotica’ in Australian high school rugby

The intersection of sport and education is a potentially powerful site for the production of class and gender. This paper examines how the relationship between sport and education can also serve to (re)produce ideas about ‘race’. Drawing on research conducted during my time as a coach of the first XV rugby team at an elite private school in Australia, I consider how whiteness creates the ‘other’. In particular I highlight how, despite their absence, the Pacific Island ‘other’ is (re)produced through stories that coaches share during training. These stories revolve around the themes of the ‘natural’, fear and violence and commodity. As themes they resonate with a larger meta-narrative that informs dominant ‘white’ culture on Pacific Islanders in Australia. Such stories have the power to shape students’ subjectivities, both of themselves and Pacific Islanders. Deconstructing the white-stream narrative identifies sport settings in education as important pedagogical sites where ‘race’, class and gender are learned. As such, there is a need to utilise critical pedagogical approaches in the education of sports coaches.     

试论20世纪初的美国太平洋扩张战略

全面论述美国20世纪初推行将“太平洋作为美国内海”的扩张战略及其缘起,揭示它实施太平洋扩张战略的主要手段：构筑太平洋“通道”,经营菲律宾“跳板”,制定全面系统的对结政策－－门户开放,实施以日制华牵俄的均衡策略。从历史渊源上指出这种扩张战略是传统扩张主义与帝国主义扩张的结合,具有更大的侵略性。