Relations between positive and negative extended contact experiences and prejudice in host society and refugees: Effects of positive and negative direct contact

ObjectiveIn a migration context, we analyzed interaction effects of positive and negative extended contact and between valenced-extended and valenced-direct contact on prejudice in the acculturation process between host society members and refugees.MethodsTwo studies analyzed relations between valenced-extended contact and prejudice in German majority group members (N = 389, Study 1) and refugees (N = 816, Study 2). Regression models tested valenced-extended contact effects, interactions between valenced-extended contacts, and moderation by valenced-direct contact.ResultsInteraction analyses showed significant interactions between valenced-extended contact experiences in both samples. Furthermore, analyses showed that positive direct contact can facilitate prejudice reduction through positive extended contact in majority group members and buffers the relation between positive extended contact and lower levels of prejudice in minority group members. Negative direct contact was found to be positively associated with prejudice through negative extended contact but was unable to affect the relations between positive extended contact and lower levels of prejudice.ConclusionInteractions between positive and negative extended contact and their interactions with valenced-direct contact are significantly associated with prejudice in majority and minority group members. Valenced-direct contact can facilitate or buffer the effects of valenced-extended contact and interactions have a significant impact on prejudice especially if valence of contact experiences is matched.     

An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community (6th Edition)

By covering underrepresented areas in the world, Al Jazeera English (AJE) can facilitate intercultural understanding among Americans. However, AJE is not widely available on television in the United States. Further, many Americans hold pre-formed suspicions of the channel. Through an online experiment, we find that pre-reception audience bias against AJE exists and correlates with prejudice against Arab Americans, limiting its conciliatory potential. However, Americans can change their views toward AJE depending on how it is covered by other media, or what we call “intermedia framing,” including both satiric soft news and hard news. An experiment finds that satiric news coverage decreases anti-Arab American prejudice and, when combined with exposure to AJE, elevates evaluations of the network.     

Intergroup contact and the projection of positivity

Three studies investigated whether intergroup contact reduces prejudice, in part, via the extension of positive attributes that define the self to the outgroup. Study 1 found that positive intergroup contact predicted self-outgroup overlap, and this overlap mediated the contact–attitude relationship. This mediational path was specific to outgroup, but not ingroup, attitudes. In Study 2 we found that it was the attribution of specifically positive, as opposed to negative, traits that mediated the contact–attitude relationship in a model that also included intergroup anxiety. In Study 3 an elaborated model was supported, in which perceived self-other similarity mediated the effects of positive contact on the attribution of positive self-traits. We discuss the findings in the context of recent advances in Intergroup Contact Theory.     

言语行为理论框架下《傲慢与偏见》的反讽分析

《傲慢与偏见》是19世纪初英国女性小说家简.奥斯丁的代表作,作品中反讽的运用在人物刻画和主题烘托方面都产生了显著的效果。将言语行为理论运用于分析作品中反讽言语行为,能更加清晰地了解作者的真实意图,同时也充分论证了文学作品中反讽性言语可在言语行为理论框架中得到阐释。     

Ethnic categorization of immigrants: The role of prejudice, perceived acculturation strategies and group size

People usually perceive immigrants from different national origins as similar to each other, and thus as belonging to a limited number of ethnic out-groups [Sporer, S. L. (2001a). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public and Law, 7, 36–97, Sporer, S. L. (2001b). The cross-race effect: Beyond recognition of faces in the laboratory. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 170–200.]. In this study, we examine how host nationals (i.e., Italians) categorize immigrants and how prejudice and perceived acculturation strategies influence this process. In our research, photographs of male faces of members of 16 immigrant groups were shown to the participants (N=305). They were asked to identify the national origin of each person on the photographs. In line with the expected over-inclusion into more numerous and more devalued out-groups, the researchers found that (a) participants who perceived Albanians or Moroccans to be the most numerous, were most likely to categorize immigrants as belonging to these groups; and (b) this over-inclusion effect was most pronounced when participants were prejudiced toward these groups and when they perceived them as wanting to maintain their cultures of origin.     

On the Use ofIrony in Pride and Prejudice

Jane Austen is good at describing daily lives of young men and women, butsheemploys the technique ofirony through the simple plotandin-teresting convenations to make this noveImoreattractive. Tostudy t...     

Peace-building with the hawks: attitude change of Jewish-Israeli hawks and doves following dialogue encounters with Palestinians

This research examines the effect of initial political affiliation (hawks or doves) of Jewish-Israeli youth on attitudes toward planned contact with Palestinians and examines the extent of change in attitudes of these youth toward Palestinians following the intergroup contact. It was hypothesized that Jewish-Israeli hawks will show less favorable attitudes towards these encounters, indicating less motivation to participate in them and lower satisfaction with these encounters. It was also hypothesized that attitude change following the encounter with Palestinians will be smaller for hawks than for doves. These hypotheses were examined by attitude questionnaires completed by Jewish-Israeli hawks and doves both before and after participation in the encounter. In line with the first hypothesis, hawks expressed less favorable attitudes toward the encounter than doves. However, in contrast to the predictions of the second hypothesis, the findings of this study indicated that while doves showed no attitude change following the encounter, hawks’ attitudes toward Palestinians became significantly more favorable after participating in the intergroup dialogue.     

合作原则在《傲慢与偏见》中的背离所体现的社会权势

本文将《傲慢与偏见》中的人物会话置于格莱斯的合作原则框架内,分析了作者如何利用人物会话对合作原则及其相关准则的背离所体现的社会权势关系。此研究有助于对小说的深刻理解以及增强我们观察语言的敏感性。     

婚恋的追求与需要的层次--《傲慢与偏见》中婚恋观的人本主义心理学解读

马斯洛的“需要层次”理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中三对青年男女的婚恋观：韦翰与丽迪雅的结合纯属“生理需要’’层次的冲动；柯林斯与夏绿蒂的婚姻基本上出于对“生理需要”与“安全需要”的满足；达西与伊丽莎白的婚恋过程则主要是爱情与尊重的有机结合，并体现出“自我实现的需要”。由此揭示出个人不同婚恋选择的最直接原因在于其内驱力因素以及需要层次的差异。     

已知信息在言语交际中对说写者的负面影响

已知信息在言语交际中对说写者有负面影响,会阻碍说写者达到自己的言语交际目的。从心理学上看,这是“首次效应”所产生的知觉偏见。了解这一点,可以提醒人们在进行言语交际中要立足于其时、其地、其事,客观地考虑问题,避免受首次效应心理偏见的影响。