Individual and contextual factors in ethical decision making: A case study of the most significant doping scandal in Canadian university sports history

This case study is written for instructors of sport management courses focused on ethics and integrity-related issues in team environments. The case highlights the real world example of the University of Waterloo Warriors varsity football that, in 2010, experienced the most significant doping scandal in Canadian university sports history, with a total of nine anti-doping rule violations asserted through the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport. This case study also incorporates the findings of an independent review of the Waterloo football program in relation to the use of banned substances, and includes first-hand accounts from Bob Copeland who was the acting director of athletics. These findings are then interpreted in the context of relevant theory related to performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) use. Along with the findings of this review, which included interviews with athletes, coaches, and administrators, the case study provides important insights into ethical decision making processes and leadership structures in a team sport environment. Particular emphasis is placed on the role that individual cognitive antecedents and contextual organizational factors (i.e., policies, leadership, ethical climate, and infrastructure) play in ethical decision-making processes.     

The effect of limb dominance on lower limb functional performance – a systematic review

Lower limb dominance (or lateral preference) could potentially effect functional performance. Clinicians are often asked to make judgements as to when a patient has sufficiently “recovered” from an injury, typically using strength and dynamic performance outcome measures. The primary purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature in relation to limb dominance within active adult populations and discuss some limitations to current methods and relate this to current clinical practice. A search of MEDLINE and CINAHL and EMBASE databases and reference lists of those articles identified was performed. Eleven articles were selected for meta-analysis. There was no statistical effect of limb dominance for any of the functional tests: isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring tests, hamstring:quadriceps ratios, single-leg hop for distance, single-leg vertical jump and vertical ground reaction force following a single-leg vertical jump. Pooled symmetry values varied from 94.6% to 99.6% across the tests, above the clinically accepted benchmark of 90% used in clinical practice. Although the results of this study must be used with discretion, asymmetries in the tasks described in this analysis should be viewed as undesirable and remedied accordingly. Further research is needed to quantify asymmetries, particularly in relation to sport-specific contexts.     

功能动作测试在中学生基本运动能力评价中的应用

目的：采用功能性动作测试系统（Functional Movement Screen,FMS）评价青少年在完成不同功能动作模式时身体各部分的稳定性、对称性和灵活性,研究其基本运动能力及影响因素。方法：以上海市某中学中随机挑选的100名初中生为研究对象,对他们进行7个特定动作的测试并评分,并对测试结果进行统计分析。结果：FMS测试总分满分为21,受试对象FMS总分均分为14.89,总体水平偏低;女生肩关节灵活性和直腿抬高测试得分显著高于男生,但总分上男女生无显著差异;青少年在完成动作时普遍存在身体晃动、力量不足和两侧肌力不对称现象,髋、膝、踝关节灵活性受限且稳定性较差,脊柱的屈伸能力不足,两侧盂肱关节和髋关节的活动能力不对称。在旋转稳定性、跨栏架和直线弓箭步３个测试中这些不足尤为明显。结论：青少年基本运动能力水平较低,大多数人需要进行矫正训练;男女生总体上的表现差异不显著,但女生在肩部灵活性和直腿抬高测试的表现要优于男生,故男生需加强肩部和髋部关节的灵活性锻炼。     

普通高校非体育专业学生篮球裁判员培养研究

采用文献资料法对普通高校非体育专业学生篮球裁判员的实际培养现状进行分析。结果表明：普通高校非体育专业学生篮球裁判员培养具有师资力量强、外语水平高及实践机会多等方面的优势,并提出非体育专业学生篮球裁判员培养的目标及具体策略,旨在为促进高校校园篮球的发展提供参考。     

电力变压器离线局部放电测量试验中的容升现象分析

Partial discharge test on a transformer is carried out according to the items in IEC 60.During the test,unproved measuring system is calibrated by proved system at a voltage no less than 50% the rated testing voltage.The result is then extrapolated linearly,leading to an error related to the distribution of stray capacitance,which varies with the testing frequency,especially to large transformers.In this paper a factor,named the capacitive rise fact,is introduced to assess the rise.The factor can be adjusted to some extent by changing the reactance that is connected to the LV side of the testing circuit to lower the capacity of the power source.However,the factor changes when the voltage divider on the high voltage side is removed after the voltage ratio has been calculated,and a great error is resulted under unfavorable conditions.     

中苏论战对毛泽东转变世界战争认识的影响--从"世界大战可以避免"到"世界大战不可避免"的观点变化

20世纪60年代后,毛泽东改变了原先“世界大战可以避免或推迟”的判断,突出地强调战争爆发的危险性,从而对中国的建设走向产生极大的影响。毛泽东这一判断变化的过程,与中苏两党关系的演变有着密切的关系。中苏两党从产生分歧、摩擦到公开论战,在一系列问题上形成对立,其中包括关于战争与和平问题的认识。中苏论战产生的影响是多层面的。从中苏论战的影响这一大背景,厘清毛泽东改变判断的原因,有助于更准确和更科学地作出历史的评价。毛泽东形成“战争不可避免”的观点以及对战争的高度警觉,决不是其个人主观意志的产物,而是在特定时代背景影响下、特殊历史事件作用下的结果。     

Physical activity profiles and selected muscular fitness variables in English schoolchildren: A north–south divide?

The aim of the study was to compare and contrast habitual physical activity (PA) profiles and muscular fitness in schoolchildren from northern and southern regions of England. Data were collected from two secondary schools in the north east (NE) of England. The study procedures followed methods employed by the East of England Healthy Hearts Study in 10–16-year-old boys and girls based in the south east (SE) region of England and data were compared. Habitual physical activity (PAQ-A), vertical jump test, and hand-grip (HG) strength were assessed. We converted raw scores from all assessments to age- and sex-normalised z-scores. We recruited 597 children (58% boys) in the NE and compared findings to 597 age- and sex-matched boys and girls from the SE. Boys in the SE had significantly stronger HG scores, jumped higher, were more powerful (mean peak power: 2131?W vs. 1782?W; P?P?P?相似文献   

高职院校校内英语测试的思考

测试是衡量学生掌握语言的能力的手段。目前高职院校校内的英语测试存在着一定的缺陷,制约了学生的英语实际应用能力的培养。只有对院校内的英语测试模式进行完善,才能真正测试出学生的实际应用能力,才能对学生实际应用能力的培养起到促进的作用。     

EWB在《电路分析》课程教学中的应用

电路分析是一门很重要的专业基础课,而利用EWB软件进行教学及模拟实验仿真可以提高学生的学习兴趣,让学生更直观的掌握电路分析的基本理论,更有利于培养学生的实践技能和创新能力,本文就如何在<电路分析>课程教学中应用EWB软件辅助教学进行探讨.     

脑死亡与死亡判定方案的抉择

是否需用脑死亡取代传统死亡标准的问题，其实最终不是事实认定的科学问题，而是是否有收益或收益大小的价值问题。经分析，用脑死亡作标准的死亡判定方案既存在有利的一面，也存在有弊的一面。虽然更进一步的分析表明，脑死亡的判定方案总的说来是利大于弊，但也不等于它就是我们应当选取的最好的死亡判定方案。最好的死亡判定方案其实是心死亡的死亡标准与脑死亡的死亡标准并用，以脑死亡判定标准作传统死亡标准的必要补充。