提高动物科学专业“微生物学”教学质量的初探

微生物学是一门重要的专业基础课。应结合动物科学专业所设的两个专业方向,通过调整教学内容、改进教学方法及增加实验内容等措施,提高教学质量,以适应专业要求。     

“动物标本制作”实验选修课程开设的探索

“动物标本制作”实验课是河南师范大学生命科学学院近年教学改革中新开设的一门实验选修课。该课程在明确实验选修课开设基本思路的基础上,采用多种教学方式,逐步分解教学过程,提出了教学改革方案,为今后进一步提高教学质量提供参考。     

The effects of passive and active learning on student preference and performance in an undergraduate basic science course

Active learning is based on self-directed and autonomous teaching methods, whereas passive learning is grounded in instructor taught lectures. An animal physiology course was studied over a two-year period (Year 1, n = 42 students; Year 2, n = 30 students) to determine the effects of student-led seminar (andragogical) and lecture (pedagogical) teaching methods on students' retention of information and performance. For each year of the study, the course was divided into two time periods. The first half was dedicated to instructor-led lectures, followed by a control survey in which the students rated the efficiency of pedagogical learning on a five-point Likert scale from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree). During the second period, students engaged in andragogical learning via peer-led seminars. An experimental survey was then administered to students using the same scale as above to determine students' preferred teaching method. Raw examination scores and survey results from both halves of the course were statistically analyzed by ANOVA with Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. By the end of the study, student preference for peer-led seminars increased [mean ± SD: (2.47 ± 0.94)/(4.03 ± 1.36), P < 0.04], and examination scores significantly increased [mean ± SD: (73.91% ± 13.18)/(85.77 ± 5.22), P < 0.001]. A majority of students (68.8%) preferred a method that contained peer-led seminars and instructor-led lectures. These results may indicate that integration of active and passive learning into undergraduate courses may have greater benefit in terms of student preference and performance than either method alone.     

人格结构的维度与主人对宠物个体差异描述维度之间的关系

探讨宠物个体差异的结构,检验人格结构的行为归类假设。采用特质评定法,在1520个中国人格特质形容词基础上,经讨论筛选合并,选取适用于描述宠物行为特点的70个形容词7点量表,得到北京城区193名宠物主人描述193只宠物（其中狗71．2％,猫28．8％）的有效问卷。结果表明,宠物主人描述的宠物个体差异结构由7个维度构成;忠诚温顺、活泼热情、攻击计较、精明节制、畏惧退缩、任性浮躁、机警自主;基本对应了中国人人格结构的七个维度。善良、外向性、人际关系、处世态度、情绪性、行事风格、才干,即宠物主人对宠物的描述维度与他们描述自己或他人的维度是一致的。结果提示,这种个体差异的结构也许反映了我们对其行为的归类加工。     

丙酮酸补充对游泳大鼠脂肪代谢的影响及机理研究

研究目的：以游泳大鼠为研究对象，通过检测其补充丙酮酸过程中身体成分和脂肪代谢的变化，探讨丙酮酸补充对游泳大鼠脂肪代谢的影响度机理。研究方法：将雄性Wistar大鼠38只随机分为4组（安慰剂对照组、运动组对照、补充丙酮酸对照组和补充丙酮酸运动组）。采用沉淀法测定大鼠血清LDL-C和HDL-C水平；酶法测定血清TC和TG；比色法测定血清LPS、LPL和HL。结果：4周丙酮酸补充可明显减缓游泳大鼠体重和体脂增长速度，明显降低大鼠血清TC水平及游泳大鼠血清LDL-C水平。同时，丙酮酸补充可明显提高游泳大鼠血清LPL含量，江一定程度地降低其血清HL水平。结论：丙酮酸补充可在一定程度上减慢游泳大鼠体重和体脂的增长速度，加快其能量代谢速度；可能会通过影响游泳大鼠脂肪代谢相关调控酶水平，使其血脂水平下降，进而影响其脂肪代谢过程。     

慢性不可预知性应激对大鼠体重、摄食量和行为学的影响研究

目的：研究慢性不可预知性应激对大鼠体重、摄食量和行为学的影响。方法：将16只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组,以孤养加慢性不可预见性应激（CUS）方法复制大鼠抑郁症模型。采用Open-Field法、1%蔗糖水消耗实验及体重变化观察抑郁模型大鼠的行为学变化。结果：与正常组相比,模型组大鼠糖水消耗量明显减低,水平得分、垂直得分、修饰次数和大便颗粒数均明显下降,且体重增长缓慢,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：CUS使大鼠自发活动下降,抑郁对大鼠行为有一定的影响。     

Design for assessment of dissection in anatomy laboratory based on group identification of structures and peer evaluation

Dissection is a unique multisensory educational experience and is essential to learning the anatomical construction of the human and animal bodies. This study aims to introduce a specialized design for the assessment of dissection and to discuss the assessment's attributes. The design was a product of the “assessment drives learning” concept and was developed to motivate students to dissect. Students were awarded “dissection points” based on prior group dissection and identification of structures. Students' perception of the design was examined, and content analysis was performed. The assessment consisted of two parts: the first assigning each student group structures to “pin” on their previously dissected cadavers; the second was a group peer evaluation. The most critical factor for the assessment's success was careful selection of structures assigned to students to pin. The assessment was fit for the purpose, valid, reliable, and had a significant educational impact. Eighty-three percent of students (n = 116) recommended maintaining the assessment design, as they felt it promoted a deep approach to learning as well as teamwork while reducing stress to a minimum. A strong correlation (Spearman's rho = 0.46, P < 0.0001) was present between the high rating of the design and the number of structures learned, as well as, high rating and lower stress level (Spearman's rho = 0.40, P < 0.0001). There was no apparent influence of grades on student perception of the effectiveness of the assessment. This specific design of evaluation could be used as part of anatomy education in veterinary and medical schools.     

论缔约方科学机构在履行《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》中的作用

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）旨在确保濒危野生动植物的生存免受国际贸易的威胁，是保护野生动植物资源最有力的国际公约之一。作为缔约方履约机构的重要组成部分，科学机构肩负着确保国际野生动植物贸易满足公约可持续性、合法性及可追溯性要求的责任。科学机构的工作范围广、涉及领域多，包括：组织开展动植物种科学研究，掌握物种基础科学信息，了解公约贸易政策，为野生动植物进出口贸易提供科学咨询，熟悉公约谈判规则，参与国家履约谈判，开展履约科普宣传，提高全社会的野生动植物保护意识等。中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会（简称“国家濒科委”）作为我国的CITES科学机构，自成立以来，依托中国科学院，依靠广大科学家，与相关部门密切合作，取得了一系列重要成绩，得到国内外的高度评价。目前，面对履约新形势，国家濒科委也面临着一系列挑战，需要在物种科学研究、促进领域协作、深化履约合作、专家智库建设、信息平台建设等方面得到进一步提升，以期为全球濒危野生动植物保护作出更大贡献。     

建设“滨海草带”的科技缘由、内容与对策

我国既要确保口粮绝对安全，也要确保饲料粮安全。然而，我国耕地资源有限，决定了饲草饲料种植不能“与主粮争地”。利用盐碱荒地种植优质耐盐牧草，发展畜牧业生产，不仅可以满足动物蛋白在我国居民膳食结构中的比例不断增加的需求，更重要的是可以解决饲草种植面积不足、大量依赖进口的问题，对保障国家粮食安全具有重要作用。这就需要利用现代生物种业科技加快耐盐耐涝牧草品种选育，构建配套的滨海盐碱地饲草高产栽培技术体系，并研发优质牧草与农作物秸秆混合加工贮藏技术，实现生物质资源利用的最大化。“滨海草带”的建设，将有助于在滨海地区构建起一道生态屏障，对维护滨海生态系统健康、提升生态系统服务功能具有重要作用。