青少年女子曲棍球运动员准备期研究

以无锡市青少年女子曲棍球队的14名女运动员为研究对象,对2012年训练准备期进行了跟踪监测,应用血液指标和尿常规指标分析评定准备期训练计划和运动负荷安排的科学性,为科学训练提供参考。结果表明,大运动负荷引起运动员出现尿蛋白;运动员的血红蛋白（Hb）浓度的标准差呈逐渐上升的趋势。而平均值稍有下降,未超过10％;WBC超出正常范围,但呈逐渐下降趋势。说明大部分运动员的机体对训练负荷已经适应,曲棍球运动员准备期运动负荷安排较为科学,但运动员身体机能的差异性是在今后制定训练负荷时应考虑的重要因素之一。     

Test–retest reliability of a battery of field-based health-related fitness measures for adolescents

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of existing tests of health-related fitness. Participants (mean age 14.8 years, s = 0.4) were 42 boys and 26 girls who completed the study assessments on two occasions separated by one week. The following tests were conducted: bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to calculate percent body fat, leg dynamometer, 90° push-up, 7-stage sit-up, and wall squat tests. Intra-class correlation (ICC), paired samples t-tests, and typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation were calculated. The mean percent body fat intra-class correlation coefficient was similar for boys (ICC = 0.95) and girls (ICC = 0.93), but the mean coefficient of variation was considerably higher for boys than girls (22.2% vs. 12.2%). The boys' coefficients of variation for the tests of muscular fitness ranged from 9.0% for the leg dynamometer test to 26.5% for the timed wall squat test. The girls' coefficients of variation ranged from 17.1% for the sit-up test to 21.4% for the push-up test. Although the BIA machine produced reliable estimates of percent body fat, the tests of muscular fitness resulted in high systematic error, suggesting that these measures may require an extensive familiarization phase before the results can be considered reliable.     

Exercise training increases the S-Klotho plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults: A randomised controlled trial. The FIT-AGEING study

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different training modalities on the soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 74 middle-aged adults (53.4 ± 5.0 years old; 52.7% women) were enrolled in the FIT-AGEING study. We conducted a 12-week randomised controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 4 different groups: (i) a control group (no exercise), (ii) a physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group (PAR), (iii) a high intensity interval training group (HIIT), and (iv) a high intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation training group (HIIT-EMS). S-Klotho plasma levels, anthropometric measurements, and body composition variables were measured before and after the intervention programme. All exercise training modalities induced an increase in the S-Klotho plasma levels (all P ≤ 0.019) without statistical differences between them (all P ≥ 0.696). We found a positive association between changes in lean mass index and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels, whereas a negative association was reported between changes in fat mass outcomes and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels after our intervention study. In conclusion, our results suggest that the link between exercise training and the increase in S-Klotho plasma levels could be mediated by a decrease of fat mass and an increase of lean mass.     

Bone mineral density and lean mass asymmetries are greater in cyclists than non-cyclists

ABSTRACT

Cyclists may be at greater risk of developing asymmetrical force and motion patterns than other ground-based athletes. However, functional asymmetries during cycling tend to be highly variable, making them difficult to assess. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and lean mass (LM) in the lower limbs may be a more sensitive and consistent method to identify asymmetries in cyclists. The goal of this study was to determine if competitive cyclists have greater levels of asymmetries in the lower body compared to non-cyclists using DXA. A secondary aim was to determine if aBMD and LM asymmetries change over the road cycling season. 17 competitive cyclists and 21 non-cyclist, healthy controls underwent DXA scans. Lower-body asymmetries were greater in cyclists compared to non-cyclists in aBMD and LM for all lower limb segments. However, these asymmetries did not tend to consistently favour a particular side, except for the pelvis having more LM on the dominant side. The were no longitudinal changes in aBMD or LM in the cyclists. Asymmetry analysis via DXA provides evidence that although functional asymmetries during cycling are variable, cyclists have increased lower body LM and aBMD asymmetries compared to non-cyclists.     

Matching of Male and Female Subjects Using VO2 max

Abstract

We compared cardiorespiratory responses to exercise on an underwater treadmill (UTM) and land treadmill (LTM) and derived an equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO₂) during UTM exercise. Fifty-five men and women completed one LTM and five UTM exercise sessions on separate days. The UTM sessions consisted of chest-deep immersion, with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% water-jet resistance. All session treadmill velocities increased every 3 min from 53.6 to 187.8 m·min^-1. Cardiorespiratory responses were similar between LTM and UTM when jet resistance for UTM was ≥ 50%. Using multiple regression analysis, weight-relative VO₂ could be estimated as: VO₂ (mLO₂·kg^-1·min^-1) = 0.19248 · height (cm) + 0.17422 · jet resistance (% max) + 0.14092 · velocity (m·min^-1) - 0.12794 · weight (kg) - 27.82849, R²= .82. Our data indicate that similar LTM and UTM cardiorespiratory responses are achievable, and we provide a reasonable estimate of UTM VO₂.     

低氧训练过程中大鼠体重及能量代谢的变化

目的：研究低氧训练过程中大鼠体重、体成分、能量摄入及静息代谢率的变化，初步探讨低氧训练过程中大鼠体重变化与能量代谢变化间关系。方法：经过适应性训练筛选出的50只SD大鼠平均分为5组，保证每组大鼠体重基本一致，随机分为常氧安静组、常氧限食组、常氧训练组、低氧安静组、低氧训练组。训练组大鼠采用水平动物跑台进行耐力训练6周。试验期间每周称量大鼠体重，每3天称量一次大鼠食物摄入量。试验前、试验1周、3周、5周末测定大鼠静息代谢率，试验后处死大鼠并剥离其肾周、腹股沟脂肪及腓肠肌，称量其重量。结果：低氧训练组大鼠体重增幅除在第6周末与常氧训练组无显著性差异外，均显著性低于其他试验组，试验前3周其体重出现负增长。试验后低氧训练组大鼠肾周及腹股沟脂肪总含量显著低于其他试验组，而腓肠肌重量与其他组无显著性差异。低氧训练组大鼠试验期间总食物摄入量较其他各组大鼠低，尤其在前3周。低氧训练组大鼠静息代谢率先上升而后逐渐下降，至试验3周末时仍高于试验前值，试验5周末时降至低于试验前值（差异不显著），而除低氧安静组外的其他组大鼠静息代谢率则持续下降，至试验5周末时均显著性低于试验前水平。结论：从减缓体重增加幅度及对体成分的影响角度看，低氧训练减体重的效果优于限制饮食、耐力训练及低氧暴露。低氧训练过程中食物摄入量减少及静息代谢率增加可能是大鼠体重增长减缓的原因。     

补糖对不同时间运动后小鼠酮体代谢的影响

将昆明种4~6周龄雄性小白鼠随机分为补糖和补水对照组。每组均设安静组、定量运动组和力竭运动组。补糖采用浓度为5%葡萄糖与7%低聚糖的混合溶液。定量运动组做一次性静水负重游泳运动,持续时间为1h。力竭组与定量组运动形式相同,运动时间至力竭。分别测定血液、肝脏、骨骼肌和脑中的酮体(Ketone Body,KB),肝、骨骼肌糖原以及血糖、脑糖、血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)等指标。结果显示:与补糖组相比,1h游泳运动后补水组血清FFA有升高趋势,但无显著性差异,补水组小鼠血酮体浓度显著升高(P<0.05);力竭运动后补水组骨骼肌、肝脏中酮体含量显著高于补糖组(P<0.05)。提示:小鼠机体糖状况直接影响运动中的酮体代谢,运动性酮体代谢与体内糖储备以及脂肪分解状况有关。     

补充糖+乳清蛋白对业余足球运动员运动能力影响的研究

目的:普通高校业余足球队运动员在备战广东省第7届大学生运动会训练期间,观察补充低聚糖 乳清蛋白(4:1)饮料对体成分、部分血生化指标和运动能力的影响。方法:16名男性普通高校业余足球队运动员随机分成对照组(n=8)和实验组(n=8),进行为期12周的实验,实验组运动员在每天训练前即刻、训练后1h内和临睡前,择时补充糖 乳清蛋白,对照组运动员则补充纯净水,实验前后分别进行体成分、血生化指标和体能测试,并统计整个大运会每场比赛结果。结果:足球运动员补充低聚糖加乳清蛋白能有效地保护红细胞功能,预防血红蛋白水平的下降,同时可提高体能、促进疲劳的消除,对维持肌肉微结构有积极作用。     

内蒙古自治区大学生身体形态指标的比较分析

2010年由教育部、国家体育总局等五部委联合组织开展了第六次全国学生体质调研工作.本文依据2010年中国学生体质与健康调研内蒙古自治区资料(内蒙古自治区19-22岁学生,该年龄段均为在校大学生),对我区大学生身体形态指标进行比较分析,探索我区大学生身体形态的差异,以期对高校体育工作的改革与完善提供客观的依据.     

黎族小学生身体形态发展状况调查研究

通过对2005-2010年全国学生体质调查数据进行分析,结合黎族学生实际情况,发现黎族小学生身体形态指标增速超过全国平均水平,与全国同龄学生间差距缩小;不过有些体形指标在多个年龄段低于五年前水平,与本地区同龄汉族学生相比,依然存在一定差距;且黎族学生体重偏轻状况严重。在当前时期,宜加强民族地区经济、社会发展状况深入调研,分析制约体质发展的影响因素,从而针对性地促进黎族学生身体健康。