试论恐怖主义问题对中国外交的影响

以“9.11事件”为标志,国际恐怖主义活动进入新阶段。恐怖主义以其复杂性和国际性深刻地影响着国际关系,成为主导国际形势发展的重要变量。恐怖主义活动与中国有着历史和现实性的联系,使中国外部安全环境面临着新的威胁,外交工作中的不确定因素增多。国际反恐合作使中国改善和充实了大国外交,调整和巩固了周边外交,改变了前期中国反恐的被动局面,在国际社会中提升了国家形象和影响力。另外在应对海外中国公民遭遇恐怖袭击问题时体现了中国“外交为民”的新理念。     

作为价值概念的恐怖主义犯罪的主体性

价值论把社会事实区分为＂科学事实＂与＂价值事实＂,价值事实是主体性的事实。由于犯罪是一种价值事实,恐怖主义犯罪也是一种价值事实,因而,恐怖主义犯罪概念是具体主体的恐怖主义犯罪概念。作为最高层次主体的整个人类社会,因为存在一个普世接受的伦理与价值体系,以这种价值体系为基础对恐怖主义犯罪的定义就应当是人类社会普遍接受的恐怖主义犯罪的概念。     

关于恐怖主义犯罪的定义

恐怖主义犯罪是严重危害人类生存安全的国际犯罪,但对恐怖主义和恐怖主义犯罪的定义在世界范围内没有取得共识。本文拟从国际条约、各国法律以及学者对于恐怖主义的定义出发提出自己的观点。     

Securitising Education to Prevent Terrorism or Losing Direction?

This article examines the growing relationship between security and education, particularly in the light of the UK government’s Prevent Duty that seeks to tackle radicalisation in a variety of milieus, including universities. However, rather than seeing this process as being merely one-way, through a so-called securitisation of education (in the parlance of the Copenhagen School of International Relations), what is explored here is the dialectic between these two spheres. It is suggested that a heightened sensitivity to the supposed consequences of inflammatory rhetoric on the well-being of supposedly suggestible or vulnerable students has been in existence within education for quite some time. In that regard, the securitising efforts of politicians and officials are pushing against an open door. What’s more, it is proposed that the inability of the authorities to hold the line in support of absolute freedom of expression, within academia and beyond, tacitly encourages the very people the government would hope to detract.     

文化渗透与犯罪

目前已形成以美国为代表的西方文化对我全方位渗透的态势,并呈现出渗透目标确定性、渗透方式隐蔽性、渗透手段高技术性和渗透领域广泛性的特点.美国在进行文化渗透的过程中,同时加剧了犯罪渗透,造成文化渗透与犯罪渗透同步发展,其中包括犯罪意识渗透和犯罪类型渗透等,正是文化渗透推动了恐怖主义的发展,所以,必须大力加强先进文化建设,以遏制文化与犯罪渗透.     

国际恐怖主义犯罪的刑事管辖原则

国际反恐理念直接影响着国际恐怖主义犯罪刑事管辖原则的确立,其中包括恐怖主义概念的界定,反恐理念下国际合作观;根据有关国际公约,国际恐怖主义犯罪的刑事管辖全面地采用了属地管辖、属人管辖、保护管辖、国旗国管辖和普遍管辖的原则,而其中的普遍管辖原则最为重要;国际恐怖主义犯罪的刑事管辖原则中存在特殊问题,如或引渡或起诉原则的适用、政治犯不引渡规则的排除、豁免权排除、时效问题等。     

冷战后美国反恐怖主义政策评析

尽管冷战后美国的反恐怖主义措施比较全面有力，有许多值得借鉴之处，但是针对美国和国际社会的恐怖事件仍然层出不穷，说明美国的反思恐怖主义措施仍是治标不治本。要铲除恐怖主义必须标本兼治，国际社会要更加重视发展问题，公正地处理地区冲突，加强相互理解与对话，而不是刺激不同文明之间的对立。     

当代恐怖主义中的宗教因素

冷战之后,宗教恐怖主义成为国际社会面临的主要威胁。宗教之所以与恐怖主义密切相关,乃是因为二者有着天然的联系。每一种宗教中都包含暴力冲突的隐喻。暴力通过"正义战争"的概念得以合法化。宗教恐怖主义形成的根源在于全球秩序变革引发的认同危机,在非西方社会这种危机还与殖民主义有着不可分割的联系。这种背景对恐怖分子的心理产生了深刻影响,同时也提示我们对于恐怖主义的理解要具备一定的移情能力。     

Picturing terrorism through Arabic lenses: a comparative analysis of Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya

This study examines the coverage of terrorism in two leading Arab news websites, Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya from 11 September 2009 to 10 September 2010. It finds that the stereotype that ‘the terrorist is a Muslim’ continues in terrorism coverage, despite the fact that some terrorists are non-Muslims. However, the two sites manage to send out the message that ‘the majority of terrorism victims are Muslims.’ In addition, the findings reveal that too much media focus is placed on disseminating and supporting official positions and decisions, and humanitarian sufferings from terrorism are seldom brought to the attention of the public.     

The Sources of Laws: Policy Dynamics in a Digital and Terrorized World

We often assume that policy and laws are the outcome of national deliberative discourse. As we have seen with other domains such as intellectual property and trade, policies that influence privacy and civil liberties are increasingly resulting from international policy dynamics. This article presents a number of these policy mechanisms used to take advantage of international dimensions of our current environment. These mechanisms include policy laundering, modeling, and forum shifting. Using these mechanisms, policies are being developed outside of national deliberative forums and then adopted locally in the interests of national governments. A number of policy instances are presented, tracing the influence of national and international actors, and the implications for national discourse. The article concludes with discussion of some implications for an open society.