跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量评价篮球运动员有氧能力的比较研究

以天津商务职业学院24名男篮球队员为研究对象,通过跑台测试、因子分析法等,采用跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量对篮球运动员进行评价分析。结果显示:篮球运动员跑节省化的修正值在第一公因子中载荷最大,在第二、第三公因子中跑节省化相关指标的载荷量处于相对重要位置,在第四公因子中只有跑节省化时通气量;跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量三指标在评价篮球运动员有氧耐力时,跑节省化指标优势明显。提示:跑节省化可以作为评价篮球运动员有氧耐力的首选指标。     

跳远助跑最后1O米分段速度的研究

本文根据鲍威尔、刘易斯等优秀跳远运动员助跑最后10米分段速度的变化，指出最后5米助跑速度比第一段5米助跑速度快，它与快速起跳结合的技术，是当今跳远训练的发展方向。     

世界优秀男子400米跑运动员速度特征分析

对第6，7届世界田径锦标赛男子400米决赛选手全程和分段成绩进行分析，揭示当今世界男子400米跑速度特征及发展趋势。研究认为，运动员绝对速度能力、保持高速跑的能力以及匀速跑的节奏，是训练工作中应抓好的主要环节。     

The biomechanical characteristics of high-performance endurance running

The biomechanical profile of high-level endurance runners may represent a useful model that could be used for developing training programmes designed to improve running style. This study, therefore, sought to compare the biomechanical characteristics of high-performance and recreational runners. Kinematic and kinetic measurements were taken during overground running from a cohort of 14 high-performance (8 male) and 14 recreational (8 male) runners, at four speeds ranging from 3.3 to 5.6?m?s^?1. Two-way ANOVA analysis was then used to explore group and speed effects and principal component analysis used to explore the interdependence of the tested variables. The data showed the high-performance runners to have a gait style characterised by an increased vertical velocity of the centre of mass and a flight time that was 11% longer than the recreational group. The high-performance group were also observed to adopt a forefoot strike pattern, to contact the ground with their foot closer to their body and to have a larger ankle moment. Importantly, although observed group differences were mostly independent of speed, the tested variables showed a high degree of interdependence suggesting an underlying unitary phenomenon. This is the first study to compare high-performance and recreational runners across a full range of kinematic and kinetic variables. The results suggest that high-performance runners maintain stride length with a prolonged aerial phase, rather than by landing with a more extended knee. These findings motivate future intervention studies that should investigate whether recreational runners could benefit from instruction to decrease shank inclination at foot contact.     

Effect of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities

Weighted vests are widely used to improve running economy and performance. However, it is not well-studied how running mechanics are adapted to counteract the higher peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fpeak) while running with such a device. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Thirteen subjects participated in two separate sessions one week apart. In the first session, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined through a maximal incremental running test while in the second session, they were instructed to run during one minute under different loading (0%, +10% and +20% of body mass [BM]) and velocity (60%, 80% and 100% of MAS) conditions in a random order. Spatiotemporal data were recorded and then running mechanics modelled using the spring-mass model. The main results indicated that vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg, respectively) were increased (P?P?>?.05) when load was changed. At the same time, alterations of the running kinematics were observed such as longer contact times, reduced flight times, stride frequencies and step lengths, as well as an increase of the centre of mass dynamics. Based on these results it is assumed that runners maintain a certain stiffness level for each velocity despite different loading conditions. As a consequence, Fpeak increases and this probably causes spatiotemporal adjustments in the movement kinematics.     

Leg amputation side determines performance in curve sprinting: a case study on a Paralympic medalist

The lower limb kinetics of curve sprinting in amputees are not well described in the literature, particularly with respect to the effect of the side of amputation. This is an issue due to the importance of the knowledge for prosthetic design and classification of athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of side of amputation on curve sprinting performance in athletes with a unilateral leg amputation. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon), four force plates (Kistler) and a modified mathematical human model (ALASKA) were used to compare clockwise and counter clockwise curve sprinting lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a Paralympic medalist with a left-sided knee exarticular amputation. Results reveal that vertical ground reaction force application and total vertical impulse were lower when the affected limb was at the inside of the curve. The unaffected limb showed joint mechanics different to those established for non-amputee athletes and might contribute better to propulsion when being the inside limb. Curve sprinting biomechanics and the ability to attain high radial velocities are directly dependent on the side of amputation relative to the curve direction in a unilateral amputee athlete of highest performance level.     

Russians are the fastest and the youngest in the “Comrades Marathon”

The present retrospective study intended to determine age, performance, the role of nationality and participation trends across calendar years in runners competing in “Comrades Marathon”, the ultra-marathon with the longest tradition and the highest number of finishers worldwide. We analysed 235,467 finishers (40,211 women and 195,256 men) competing between 1994 and 2017. In women and men, Russians were the fastest (12.55 ± 2.03 km/h and 12.24 ± 2.93 km/h, respectively) and Indians the slowest (7.87 ± 0.64 km/h and 7.91 ± 0.60 km/h) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.053 and η2 = 0.010, small effect size, ES). Also, Russians were the youngest (33.9 ± 4.6 and 36.3 ± 5.9 years, respectively) and Japanese the oldest (49.3 ± 9.6 and 51.4 ± 12.3 years, respectively) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.011, small ES). Performance improved (r = 0.90 in women and r = 0.92 in men), age of finishers (r = 0.91 in women and r = 0.97 in men), participation (r = 0.92 in women and r = 0.87 in men) and sex difference in age increased (r = 0.71), whereas men-to-women ratio (r = ?0.91) and sex difference in performance (r = ?0.68) decreased across calendar years (p < 0.001). In summary, runners from Russia were the fastest and the youngest in both sexes. The knowledge of the relationship of nationality with performance, age and participation trends of finishers, and changes across calendar years are of practical importance for ultra-runners and coaches working with them.     

草根体育组织规范化发展研究——以我国跑团为例

以我国草根组织中的典型组织——跑团为例,分析了我国跑团兴起的主要原因,发展过程中存在的问题：跑团内部机制不健全,治理方式滞后;缺乏稳定的社会资源;政府职能部门引导、扶持不力;相关的规章制度、法律不够完善;较难获得合法身份致使发展受阻,缺少主管单位监督和行业自律;跑团存在多种安全隐患;对于各种跑团社交软件及社交平台的管理不够。据此提出了对策：对跑团进行分级分类管理,充分发挥中国田协的指导与监督作用,政府部门不断完善跑步公共服务体系,加强跑团制度建设与规范管理,健全安全健康监管保障体系。     

平衡训练影响踝关节功能稳定性的研究

目的:对踝关节不稳人群进行不同方式的平衡训练,以提高踝关节平衡控制能力及稳定性,减少踝关节损伤的发生几率;比较不同平衡训练方法对改善踝关节稳定性的实用性及优劣性。方法:进行为期3周的Biodex Balance System仪器及Bosu平衡球训练,测试踝关节稳定性。结果及结论:结果显示,Biodex Balance System仪器和Bosu平衡球都能显著提高个体踝关节稳定性及方向控制能力;Biodex Balance System仪对踝关节稳定性的提高更为明显。     

不同步行和跑步速度对后足角度和足偏角的影响

通过进行zebris步态测试和后足角度拍摄,采集和分析速度变化对步行和跑步时后足角度和足偏角的影响,从而科学指导广大健身爱好者进行合理的步行和跑步运动,预防运动损伤。实验结果显示：（1）相较于自身步行偏好速度,采用实验步行设定速度时左右足后足角度均显著增大,左右足足偏角均显著减小（1.33 m/s例外）;（2）实验步行设定速度之间,相较于1.33 m/s速度步行,以1.56 m/s和1.78 m/s步行时左足后足角度显著增大,以1.56 m/s步行时右足足偏角显著减小;（3）相较于自身跑步偏好速度,当以慢于自身跑步偏好速度跑步时,左右足后足角度和足偏角均无显著性差异,而当以快于自身跑步偏好速度跑步时,左右足的足偏角显著减小,后足角度无显著性差异;（4）快于自身跑步偏好速度时比慢于自身跑步速度时左右足的足偏角显著减小（以3.61 m/s跑步时比1.78 m/s跑步时左足后足角度增大）;（5）快于自身跑步偏好速度时,以3.61 m/s跑步时比2.78 m/s跑步时左右足足偏角显著减小。实验结果表明：（1）相较于其他实验设定速度,以自身偏好速度步行时,后足角度较小,足偏角较大,可以有效预防运动损伤;（2）从后足角度和足偏角考虑,当步行速度较快时,保持步长,适当减小足偏角可以减少踝关节损伤。