Effect of repeat-sprint training in hypoxia on post-exercise interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostanes

This investigation examined the oxidative stress (F₂-Isoprostane; F₂-IsoP) and inflammatory (interleukin-6; IL-6) responses to repeat-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH). Ten trained male team sport athletes performed 3(sets)*9(repetitions)*5?s cycling sprints in simulated altitude (3000?m) and sea-level conditions. Mean and peak sprint power output (MPO and PPO) were recorded, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise, and again at 8 and 60?min post-exercise. Both MPO and PPO were significantly reduced in hypoxia (compared to sea-level) in the second (MPO: 855?±?89 vs. 739?±?95?W, p?=?.006; PPO: 1024?±?114 vs. 895?±?112?W, p?=?.010) and third (MPO: 819?±?105 vs. 686?±?83?W, p?=?.008; PPO: 985?±?125 vs. 834?±?99?W, p?=?.008) sets, respectively. IL-6 was significantly increased from pre- to 1?h post-exercise in both hypoxia (0.7?±?0.2 vs. 2.4?±?1.4?pg/mL, p?=?.004) and sea-level conditions (0.7?±?0.2 vs. 1.6?±?0.3?pg/mL, p?d?=?0.80) suggesting higher IL-6 levels of post-hypoxia. F₂-IsoP was significantly lower 1?h post-exercise in both the hypoxic (p?=?.005) and sea-level (p?=?.002) conditions, with no differences between trials. While hypoxia can impact on exercise intensity and may result in greater post-exercise inflammation, it appears to have little effect on oxidative stress. These results indicate that team sport organisations with ready access to hypoxic training facilities could confidently administer RSH without significantly increasing the post-exercise inflammatory or oxidative stress response.     

One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.     

科学探究能力在科学教学中的培养

科学探究的方法和过程。既可以使初中生亲身体验到探究的乐趣。经历科学探究活动的过程，又可以使学生逐步提高探究能力，文章从多方面阐述了如何在中学生日常科学教学中。培养学生的科学探究能力。     

英国入职教师教育国家课程探析

英国入职教师教育国家课程对合格教师资格标准,课程总要求,英语、数学、科学和信息交流技术在学科教学中的应用等几个方面进行了规定,并提出了较为具体的要求。实施其课程的目标是达成合格教师资格标准。该课程具有实践性,注重信息交流技术在学科教学中的作用,注重中小学在教师教育课程中的作用。这些启示我们要尽快制定教师资格标准,强化实践性入职教师教育课程并注重对其实施效果进行指导和监督。     

对高职院校领导班子建设的几点看法

高职院校领导班子建设问题至关重要，虽得到多级党委和政府的重视。但由于种种原因仍存着一些不容忽视的问题。诸如：只讲了中的“代表”性，不注重“管用”性；不是以工作需要出发，而是从领导机关需要安排人的目的出发，缺少有组织的统一培训，管理规则还没有完全理顺。文章认为加强高职院校领导班子建设应当采取的措施是：多级党委要按“三个代表”的要求和邓小平同志干部人事制度改革的思想，高是视这项工作；进一步明确配备标准，建立，健全对实行标准的监督制约机制，大力加强了成员和后备干部的培训。     

创造教育的目的性思考

我国要在 2 1世纪激烈的国际竞争中处于主动地位 ,就必须把培养高素质人才 ,尤其是把培养社会责任感、创造精神、创新能力和综合素质摆到突出的位置。这样 ,创造教育就显得尤为重要。但创造教育的期望与目的 ,与目前的教育教学现状有诸多相悖之处 ,如不转变教育和教学思想 ,对培养模式、教学内容和教学方法进行改革 ,创造教育也只是一句空话。     

试析排球业余爱好者战术行为的培养

从战术行为的训练、战术意识内涵及培养、心理活动与战术行为、战术行为的灵活性培养等方面阐述了排球业余爱好者如何培养战术行为。     

“以师为本”的农村教师培训模式建构——以陕西为例

农村教师培训,必须解决培训谁、培训什么、如何培训三个问题,变自上而下为由下而上教师培训模式,充分体现以师为本的培训精神。     

教师培训与教师职业幸福感培养——以2010年“国培计划”河北省中小学骨干教师培训为例

教育是心灵的事业,教师职业应当是一种幸福的职业。影响教师获得幸福感的因素很多,其中最重要的是职业成就。教师如果能在和谐的氛围中尽情地展示自身的价值,并获得国家、社会、学校、家长、学生的重视与尊重,就容易产生职业幸福感。教师培训让中小学教师体验到前所未有的快乐与幸福,触动了他们深刻思考的神经,使其增强了对教育事业的责任感、自信心,为自身职业生涯的发展注入了生机与活力。     

The Bicycle Assembly Line Game

“The Bicycle Assembly Line Game” is a team‐based, in‐class activity that helps students develop a basic understanding of continuously operating processes. Each team of 7–10 students selects one of seven prefigured bicycle assembly lines to operate. The lines are run in real‐time, and the team that operates the line that yields the highest revenue wins. Students learn through discovery “What drives output rate?”; “How is capacity managed relative to market demand?”; and “Why does inventory accumulate?” Because task times are constant, the game provides a nice lead‐in to the topic of line balancing. This game has been successfully used in both undergraduate‐ and MBA‐level operations management courses.