Leg amputation side determines performance in curve sprinting: a case study on a Paralympic medalist

The lower limb kinetics of curve sprinting in amputees are not well described in the literature, particularly with respect to the effect of the side of amputation. This is an issue due to the importance of the knowledge for prosthetic design and classification of athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of side of amputation on curve sprinting performance in athletes with a unilateral leg amputation. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon), four force plates (Kistler) and a modified mathematical human model (ALASKA) were used to compare clockwise and counter clockwise curve sprinting lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a Paralympic medalist with a left-sided knee exarticular amputation. Results reveal that vertical ground reaction force application and total vertical impulse were lower when the affected limb was at the inside of the curve. The unaffected limb showed joint mechanics different to those established for non-amputee athletes and might contribute better to propulsion when being the inside limb. Curve sprinting biomechanics and the ability to attain high radial velocities are directly dependent on the side of amputation relative to the curve direction in a unilateral amputee athlete of highest performance level.     

Systems model and individual simulations of training strategies in elite short-track speed skaters

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated training strategies on performance potential in elite short-track speed skaters. Training load and field-based criterion performances from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were collected over a 3-month training period and the relationship between training loads and performance was computed with a variable dose-response model using a genetic algorithm. Individual simulations of tapers preceded or not preceded by an overload training (OT) were assessed. We obtained a significant correlation between actual and modelled performances (R² = 0.76 ± 0.07). Regarding model parameters, no significant difference was found between males and females but the time to recover performance tended to be lower in females. Simulations in which the taper parameters were free highlighted that an exponential or a step taper were the most effective for increasing performance compared to a linear taper (p < 0.05). Optimal exponential taper duration after OT was 10.7 ± 2.4d and the optimal load reduction was 75.9 ± 3.7%. OT intensity had the greatest influence on the predicted performance, followed by OT duration, taper decay, and to a lesser extent load reduction during taper and taper duration. Thus, a variable dose-response systems model allows the evaluation of different taper strategies and their potential effect on performance changes.     

两种大强度间歇训练对优秀公路自行车运动员有氧能力的影响

目的：比较两种大强度间歇训练手段对优秀自行车运动员有氧运动能力的影响。方法：将15名备战全国“十三运”的云南省自行车队男子运动员随机分为3组, S组训练方案采用SIT/耐力训练, H组训练方案采用HIIT/耐力训练, C组为对照组,进行传统耐力性训练;训练持续3周。训练前后进行递增负荷测试和有氧运动能力测试,测试指标包括最大摄氧量绝对值（VO2max）、最大摄氧量相对值（VO2max/kg）、每分通气量（VE）、最大心率（HRmax）,并通过公式计算每搏输出量（SV）,以及测试递增负荷后即刻血乳酸（BLA）、最大有氧功率（P）和40 km个人计时成绩进行了测试。结果：（1）3周训练后,S组运动员VE、HRmax、SV、VO2max、VO2max/kg、P和ITT40km均较训练前有显著性提高（P＜0.05）;H组运动员VE、VO2max/kg、ITT40km较训练前有显著性增加（P＜0.05）,BLA有显著性的下降（P＜0.05）。（2）S组运动员ΔVE、ΔHRmax、ΔSV、ΔVO2max、ΔVO2max/kg、ΔBLA、ΔITT40km显著提升（P＜0.05）,且优于其余两组;H组仅ΔITT40km存在明显提升（P＜0.05）。结论：间歇训练结合耐力训练对优秀公路自行车运动员的呼吸系统、有氧供能系统可产生积极的影响;而且,SIT结合耐力训练较HIIT结合耐力训练或传统耐力训练更能提高公路自行车运动员的有氧代谢能力和有氧运动能力,训练效果更佳。     

Effects of false-start disqualification rules on response-times of elite-standard sprinters

The 100 ms ruling for false start disqualification at athletic competitions governed by the International Association of Athletics Federations has been in force since the early 1990s. Throughout this period, there have been marked changes to the rules that govern the disqualification of athletes from sprint events incorporating starts from blocks. This study analysed all available World and European Championship response-time (RT) data from 1999 to 2014 to examine effects of rule changes on competition RT at major championships. The exponentially modified Gaussian distribution was used to model RT and make comparisons relative to athletes’ sex, ruling periods and competition rounds. Revised RT thresholds of 115 ms and 119 ms were identified for men and women, respectively, indicating that the current 100 ms rule could result in some false starts not being detected in competitive athletics. The study proposes that when using existing International Association of Athletics Federations approved systems, the false start detection threshold should be increased and that men and women athletes should have different thresholds because of substantial evidence of a sex-based difference in RT in elite-standard athletes.     

广东省竞技南拳训练手段的形成与发展*

广东省南拳是我国武术套路竞赛发展中的一枝独秀,其技术特点和技术创新始终引领着竞技南拳项目的发展.以文献资料法、访谈法、观察法为主要研究方法,对广东省竞技南拳不同阶段的训练手段进行梳理并加以分析,为培养南拳项目后备人才,提高训练质量做基础研究.     

Intercultural Communication Training for English Language Teachers: A Case Study of an Immersion Program for South Korean Teachers

Little research has been conducted that explores connections between the fields of intercultural communication and English-language instruction. To address this gap, we report on an intercultural communication course delivered as an integral part of a short-term professional development immersion program for English-language teachers from South Korea. Study results indicate that intercultural communication training served to enhance participants’ pragmatics awareness along with sensitivity regarding sociocultural influences on communication that they experienced in situ. After the four-week course, most of the participants expressed desire and readiness to integrate intercultural communication into their teaching in South Korea. Intercultural communication training promises to complement pragmatics instruction aiming at improving English-language learning and teaching.     

高校高水平运动队科学化训练及相关问题的思考

在我国高校高水平运动队中实行训练科学化是高校竞技体育发展的必然趋势,同时也是提高高校运动队竞赛水平的必由之路。本文通过对目前高校高水平运动队训练科学化的现状研究,对发展高校特色及健全高校科学化训练完整体系中的问题和思考提出了科学定位。结论是高校高水平运动队训练的科学化比然是个完整的体系,其中创新是精髓,科研是动力,探索实践是必然过程,而其发展与建立是必然趋势。     

测功仪训练对皮艇运动员耐酸能力的影响研究

以湖北队8名男子皮艇运动员为研究对象,运用皮艇测功仪进行测试,观察运动员在定量负荷下血乳酸值的变化,以评价测功仪训练对运动员耐酸能力的影响。结果：在周期训练过程中,男子皮艇运动员的平均乳酸阈功率显著提高（P〈0.05）;250m测试成绩显著提高（P〈0.05）,个别队员极显著（P〈0.01）。结论：乳酸阈功率显著提高,说明周期训练有效提高了运动员的耐酸能力。     

我国优秀武术运动员腾空摆莲720°技术动作分析与训练方法研究

利用三维图像解析系统对我国优秀武术运动员摆莲720°技术动作进行分析与评价,并针对该技术动作的特点,从训练方法上进行了探讨,旨在揭示其动作过程的运动学特点与规律,建立整个动作的时间、位移、速度等量化指标以及行之有效的训练方法与手段,从而为教学与训练提供客观的理论依据。     

高校足球训练教学创新浅探

针对高校足球传统教学主要问题,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法及比较研究法等方法,对高校足球教学创新进行研究与探讨。