应对考试焦虑研究的回顾与展望

考试焦虑的相关研究在国外已有较长的历史,我国从20世纪90年代以来,对考试焦虑问题,尤其是在应对考试焦虑的策略方面,在理论和实践上都给予了较多的关注。国内外学者从认知疗法、行为疗法、技能疗法、精神分析疗法、药物治疗等方面,探索出多种应对考试焦虑的策略与技术。本文在概括国内外有关考试焦虑研究的基础上,对各种缓解学生考试焦虑的措施进行了梳理,对该领域研究取得的成就和问题进行了总结,并对应对考试焦虑研究趋势进行了展望。     

The relationship between childhood adversity,attachment, and internalizing behaviors in a diversion program for child-to-mother violence

Very little research has been conducted on the role of childhood adversity in child-to-parent violence. Childhood adversity places youth at risk for internalizing behaviors (i.e. anxiety and depression) and externalizing behaviors (i.e. aggression). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between childhood adversity, child–mother attachment, and internalizing behaviors among a sample of 80 youth who have been arrested for domestic battery against a mother. This study reported high prevalence rates of childhood adversity (mean score of 10 out of 17 events). Multiple regression analysis indicated that insecure attachment predicted depression among females (F(6, 73) = 4.87, p < 0.001), and previous experience with child maltreatment and/or witness to parental violence predicted anxiety among females (F(6, 73) = 3.08, p < 0.01). This study is the first study to explore childhood adversity among a sample of perpetrators of child-to-mother violence and notably adds to our understanding of the multiple pathways connecting childhood adversity, child–mother attachment, and depression and anxiety among a difficult to treat youth population.     

体育、艺术类高考生考试焦虑的研究

研究采用考试焦虑量表（TAI）来探讨179名体育、艺术类高考生的考试焦虑水平。考试焦虑量表可分忧虑性和情绪性两个分量表。结果表明,在体育和艺术类高考生中,女生在考试焦虑总分,忧虑性分量表和情绪性分量表上的得分均显著地高于男生。文科生和理科生在考试焦虑总分和忧虑性分量表得分上均没有显著差异,但是理科生在情绪性分量表上的得分上要显著高于文科生。应届生和复习生在考试焦虑总分和分量表得分上均没有显著差异。体育高考生在忧虑性分量表上的得分和艺术高考生没有显著差异,但在总分和情绪性分量表上二者有显著的差异。研究还发现不同考试焦虑水平的高考成绩有显著差异,随着考试焦虑水平的上升,高考成绩有明显的下降趋势。这些研究结果对理解高考背景下的考试焦虑具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

提高综合医院焦虑障碍与抑郁障碍的识别率

目的:通过对南充综合医院门诊病人的抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍的发生率及共病现象研究,提高焦虑障碍与抑郁障碍的识别率。方法:随机抽取1000例门诊患者进行焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)的问卷调查,通过数据统计分析,阳性筛查焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍的患病情况。结果:门诊中有8.56%的患者存在焦虑障碍,6.03%的患者存在抑郁障碍,2.96%的患者存在焦虑障碍与抑郁障碍共病现象。女性焦虑障碍患病率大于男性患病率,女性抑郁障碍患病率大于男性患病率。结论:综合医院提高焦虑障碍与抑郁障碍的识别率的过程中应注意性别的影响,加强综合门诊对焦虑障碍及抑郁障碍的识别率。     

Group and individual accuracy in deception detection

Previous research examining the accuracy of deception detection judgments by individuals has concluded that the ability to detect deception is only slightly better than chance. Research has also found that individuals tend to be over‐confident, truth‐biased, and reliant on nonverbal behavior when making veracity judgments. This study (N = 129) tested if differences in deception detection accuracy, truth‐bias, judgmental confidences, and self‐reported cue reliance exist between individual judges and groups of individuals working in collaboration. No significant differences between groups and individuals emerged for accuracy, truth‐bias, or self‐reported cue reliance. Individuals within groups, however, were significantly more confident in their decisions than individuals working alone.     

Communication Students' Mathematics Anxiety: Implications for Research Methods Instruction

This study examined indicators of math and speaking competence in three student major categories (N = 263). Communication (n = 178), business (n = 58), and liberal arts (n = 27) majors completed scales measuring math anxiety (Betz, 1978 Betz , N. E. ( 1978 ). Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of math anxiety in college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 25 , 441 – 448 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), math performance (Dowling, 1978 Dowling , D. (1978). The development of a mathematics confidence scale and its application in the study of confidence in women college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State. [Google Scholar]), math self-efficacy, and public speaking apprehension (McCroskey, 1982 McCroskey , J. C. ( 1982 ). An introduction to rhetorical communication , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall . [Google Scholar]). These variables explained 27.5% of the variance in reported major. Business majors had higher math performance and math self-efficacy scores and lower math anxiety scores than persons majoring in communication or liberal arts, whereas communication majors reported lower public speaking apprehension scores than business or liberal arts majors. Sex differences were found on all mathematics variables, with females scoring higher in math anxiety and lower in math self-efficacy and performance than males. Findings are examined for their implications concerning research methods instruction.     

Teaching Communication Research Methods: Student Perceptions of Topic Difficulty,Topic Understanding,and Their Relationship with Math Anxiety

The undergraduate Communication Research Methods course is a foundational course offered by a majority of departments across the country. Despite its ubiquity and importance, the course is often seen as a difficult pedagogical experience for students and instructors alike. To more completely understand student learning in this course, this study examined relationships between perceptions of course topic understanding, course topic difficulty, and their relationship with students’ level of math anxiety. Results revealed that statistical topics emerged as the most difficult for students to learn. Significant and strong negative correlations were observed between perceived difficulty and understanding for each of the 19 course topics. Self-reported math anxiety was positively related to both perceived difficulty and understanding of the topics. Suggestions are offered to enhance course instruction.     

Impacts of expressive writing on children’s anxiety and mathematics learning: Developmental and gender variability

Expressive writing (EW), or writing about one’s thoughts and feelings, has been posited to reduce the working memory (WM) load that pressure and anxiety can impose on test-takers. The mechanisms of EW are far from clear, however, and social and developmental questions about its role in shaping children’s engagement with academic contexts remain. We report a study with 250 10–12-year-olds (M_age = 11.55; SD_age = 0.48; 127 females), exploring gender differences in these younger children’s use of EW before a high demand mathematics lesson on ratio. In contrast to the literature with adults, children assigned to EW had greater anxiety relative to control. The highest-achieving higher-WM girls also were most impacted by EW, showing decreases in immediate learning and retention relative to their counterparts who did not write expressively. A mediation analysis indicated that EW reduced learning gains by increasing children’s anxiety during the lesson, thereby suggesting that EW functioned quite differently from its use in older youth and adults. These data suggest that emotion regulation skills may be an under-considered mechanism that underpins benefits of EW in older adolescents and adults.     

不同年龄女性社会性体格焦虑与锻炼行为研究*

目的以健身俱乐部女性会员为研究对象,探究不同年龄阶段的女性社会性体格焦虑情况及其与其体育锻炼行为之间的相互关系,为更好的促进女性参与健身提供理论依据。方法：选取商业健身俱乐部经常参加体育锻炼的200名女性会员作为研究对象,进行社会性体格焦虑测试和体育锻炼行为的调查。结果：（1）女性会员的社会性体格焦虑随着年龄的增长而降低,健身女性比非健身女性拥有更低的体格焦虑;（2）30岁以下女性高SPA与大运动量和较短的健身持续时间相关,对应的是减脂塑形的锻炼目的;（3）30~44岁女性高SPA对应的是增进健康的锻炼目的,健身持续时间多为1~3年,中等运动量对应的SPA最低;（4）45岁以上女性高SPA对应的是减脂塑形的锻炼目的,与小运动量相关;健身持续时间多在半年内。     

高中生数学焦虑与其学业成绩的关系

分析高中生数学焦虑的现状,探究数学焦虑对高中生数学成绩的影响,为缓解高中生数学焦虑的心理辅导提供实证依据.采用自编的《高中生数学焦虑问卷》评估了207名高中生的数学焦虑水平,运用相关分析和回归分析探究高中生数学焦虑与学业成绩的关系.结果显示：高中生数学焦虑的平均得分为2.65;高中生的数学焦虑总体得分与其数学成绩呈显著性负相关（r=-0.322,P＜0.01）;高中生数学焦虑中的课堂学习过程焦虑和应考情景焦虑对其数学成绩具有显著的预测作用.