民营企业融资的局限与渠道拓展--浙江省台州市路桥区融资的调查分析

民营企业在经历了原始积累和快速发展阶段后，正处于第二次飞跃阶段。民营企业涉足的领域不断扩大，资本及技术含量大为提高，对融资及金融服务在规模和方式上均有了更高的要求。本文主要通过对台州市路桥区民营企业融资情况的调查和分析，探讨民营企业在融资渠道、融资方式等方面所面临的问题。     

举证责任问题研究

举证责任的涵义学术界始终存在分歧。本文以举证责任的法律属性为突破口,阐释举证责任不仅是一种行为责任,更是一种结果责任,强调举证责任是当事人不能提供证据时,可能承受对自己不利的法律裁判。举证责任的分配规则为举证责任得以有效实现提供了操作标准,而推定制度又为举证责任的承担拓展了适用空间。     

对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平的量化评价与比较研究

本文运用达标类体育项目运动水平百分制评定法，以12、13届亚运会当年的世界田径最好成绩为标准，对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平进行了定量分析与比较研究。结果表现：与第12届亚运会相比，第13届亚运会田径运动水平男子呈停滞状态，女子呈下降趋势。     

学校体育竞赛改革方法初探

体育竞赛是学校体育的一个重要组成部分。构筑科学合理的体育竞赛体系是学校体育教学的一个方面的、系统的基础工程，它所函盖的不仅是体育教学课程领域，还包含着以潜在内为活教材的整个学校体育活动．本文旨在对学校体育竞赛方法的探讨使学校体育竞赛更加有序、健康的发展，为树立全民健身第一的思想打下结实的基础。     

极限中的同向思维与逆向思维

极限是高等数学的重要内容,也是一个难点,掌握极限是学好高等数学的关键.本文分析了极限的概念,探索了各概念及某些定理所蕴涵的思维方法.     

Effects of inspiratory muscle training in professional women football players: a randomized sham-controlled trial

This study was conducted to determine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory and peripheral muscles oxygenation during a maximal exercise tolerance test and on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) performance in professional women football players. Eighteen athletes were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: SHAM (n = 8) or IMT (n = 10). After a maximal incremental exercise test, all participants performed (on a different day) a time-to-exhaustion (Tlim) test. Peripheral and respiratory muscles oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy, breath-by-breath ventilatory and metabolic variables, and blood lactate concentration were measured. The RSA test was performed on a grass field. After a 6 week intervention, all athletes were reevaluated. Both groups showed increases in inspiratory muscles strength, exercise tolerance and RSA performance, however only the IMT group presented lower deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin blood concentrations on intercostal muscles concomitantly to an increased oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin blood concentrations on vastus lateralis muscle during Tlim. In conclusion, these results may indicate the potential role of IMT to attenuate inspiratory muscles metaboreflex and consequently improve oxygen and blood supply to limb muscles during high-intensity exercise, with a potential impact on inspiratory muscle strength, exercise tolerance and sprints performance in professional women football players.     

An examination of psychosocial variables moderating the relationship between life stress and injury time-loss among athletes of a high standard

Based on Williams and Andersen's model of stress and athletic injury, six psychosocial variables were assessed as possible moderators of the relationship between life stress and injury among 121 athletes (65 males, 56 females) competing in a variety of sports at state, national or international level. No significant effects of the sex of the participants were evident. Correlational analyses revealed moderator effects of several variables. Specifically, dispositional optimism and hardiness were related to decreased injury time-loss in athletes when positive life change increased, and global self-esteem was associated with decreased injury time-loss when both negative life change and total life change increased. The results indicate that athletes with more optimism, hardiness or global self-esteem may cope more effectively with life change stress, resulting in reduced injury vulnerability and recovery rates.     

Scaling laws and forecasting in athletic world records

In this study, we analysed running world records and found that the mean speed of the race, μ, as a function of the record time, τ, can be described asymptotically by two well-defined scaling laws of the form u ?s τ - β. There is a break in the scaling laws (?1000m) between the shorter and the longer races at a characteristic time of around 150-170 s, after which a new scaling regime emerges. This is the first occasion that this characteristic time has been clearly found in physical terms; we interpreted it as the transition time between the anaerobic and the aerobic energy expenditure of athletes. This phenomenon is independent of the athletes' sex and is also found in swimming races with similar values of the characteristic time. We also investigated the forecasting of world records using historical data. Using an approach based on the identification of non-Poissonian events for a sequence of temporal point processes, we found that the sequence of improvements in all athletic records from 1900 to the present day cannot be considered as a sequence of completely random events.     

Relationships between talent development environments and mental toughness: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction

ABSTRACT

Although the talent development environment and mental toughness are critical for athletes to realise their athletic potential, there is a dearth of literature on whether the talent development environment can enhance mental toughness among those athletes who are identified with athletic potential (i.e., talented athletes). Drawing on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), this research examined the relationships between the talent development environment, basic psychological needs satisfaction and mental toughness. Talented athletes (n = 261) completed a survey measuring key features of the talent development environment, needs satisfaction and mental toughness. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that three environmental factors (i.e., long-term development focus, holistic quality preparation and communication) were positive predictors of needs satisfaction, which then positively predicted mental toughness. The talent development environment may be considered for promoting talented athletes’ mental toughness.     

Returning to competition after a serious injury: The role of self-determination

Abstract

We tested hypotheses grounded in self-determination theory regarding athletes' cognitive appraisals and emotional reactions when returning to competition following a serious injury. Professional male athletes (N = 225) competing in the Australian Football League were presented with return-to-competition scenarios that varied with respect to: (1) degree of self-determination and (2) salience of re-injury concern. Significant MANOVA main effects were observed for the degree of self-determination on both primary appraisals and emotional responses as well as for the salience of re-injury concern on emotional response. Follow-up ANOVA polynomial trend analyses provided support for the hypothesized trends for greater self-determination in the return to sport to result in more positive appraisals and affect. Findings support self-determination theory contentions and research indicating the psychological benefits of increased self-determination.