The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin: The Response of America's Black Press

Abstract

Eighty-seven female masters swimmers ranging in age from 20 to 69 were selected for a detailed study of their body composition and physiological responses at rest and during exercise. These women were then placed into two subsets, a highly trained group and a not highly trained group, on the basis of the frequency, duration, and intensity of swimming workouts. Significant differences were detected when comparing the highly trained and not highly trained subjects on measures of weight, body density, percent fat and lean body weight (p<.05). Significant differences which favored the highly trained group were also seen when comparing these same two groups for [Vdot]_E max, [Vdot]O₂ max (1/min), [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg^–1·min^–1), [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg·LBW^–1·min^–1), O₂ pulse (ml·kg^–1·beat^–1), and O₂ pulse (ml·kg·LBW^–1). Both the highly trained and not highly trained swimmers were considerably lower in percent fat than previously reported data for normal untrained women of similar ages. In both groups, however, percent fat across age levels within each training group showed significant increases at approximately 40 years of age (p<.05). In the highly trained swimmers, [Vdot]O₂ max (ml·kg^–1·min^–1) decreased at a mean rate of about 7% per decade, while in the not highly trained swimmers the decline was approximately 8% per decade. It appears that the rate of decline in [Vdot]O₂ max in women with aging may be independent of training status.     

运动性肥大心脏心肌超微结构改变的实验研究

通`过大鼠8周递增负荷游泳训练模型的建立,研究运动性心脏肥大大鼠心肌超微结构的变化规律及运动对心肌细胞的影响,为运动性心脏猝死提供科学依据。结果表明:有氧训练组大鼠线粒体数量明显增多,体积增大,有轻度肿胀,基质尚均匀,嵴排列规则密集,结构清晰完整,线粒体膜完整。细胞核增大,核周间隙略增宽,核质均匀,核膜完整清晰,染色质均匀。肌丝排列整齐,数量增加,肌小节明暗带相间,结构清晰,肌膜完整,闰盘整齐,呈台阶状;而过度训练组大鼠线粒体明显肿胀,基质溶解呈现空泡变形,嵴排列紊乱,融合甚至消失,线粒体膜被损。细胞核不规则,核膜明显内陷或皱缩,核质不均匀,染色质凝聚,异染色质在核边缘聚集。肌丝粗细不均,部分肌丝呈节段性变形,闰盘出现明显扩张,部分闰盘不成形。结果提示:适宜的运动负荷使心脏发生适应性改变,心肌发生生理性肥大,而长期的过度负荷会导致心肌细胞发生与衰老相似的病理性改变,甚至导致心肌细胞死亡,引起运动性心脏猝死。     

克劳塞维茨军事理论初探

克劳塞维茨是德国军事理论家,他的遗著《战争论》是一部资产阶级军事理论的经典著作,成为世界学术名著。与其他兵法书相比,《战争论》特色鲜明。其一,全书属经验之谈,具有实用性和可操作性。其二,用唯物辩证观点对待战略与战术。其三,不把军事理论绝对化、神圣化。克劳塞维茨《战争论》显现出资本主义时代的新思维,比之其他的兵法书,克劳塞维茨的军事理论显示内容更丰富,思维更深刻。它为现代军事理论奠下基础,做出不可磨灭贡献。第一,他把战争与政治联系起来考察。第二,他把物质因素与精神因素结合起来考察。第三,包含人民战争思想的萌芽。克劳塞维茨的军事理论最突出的缺陷就是谈论战争问题时过于偏重纯技术问题,忽视正义战争与非正义战争的区别。纯技术性地讨论战争问题不免有不周之弊。     

历史的遗憾与未来的希冀——世纪之交乡土小说创作的回眸与前瞻

20世纪乡土小说成就辉煌,但也存在着种种遗憾:主要表现为观念的功利性与创作的概念化、主题的单向度与形象的平面化及视野的封闭性与手法的单一性等。在未来的发展中,乡土小说必须面对多种挑战:现代化进程的加快使之逐渐失去时代的垂青;商业主义的压力使之处境艰难;作者队伍的枯萎与读者的疏离使之日趋尴尬……但机遇与挑战并存,古老乡土中国现代化进程的艰难与沉重仍为乡土小说提供着丰厚的题材资源与表现空间,20世纪末乡土小说的多元发展格局已部分地预示出其发展前景,上世纪形成的优秀文学传统也必将是其反抗危机的重要资源之一……因而我们有理由相信,未来的乡土小说会前途广阔、收获丰硕。     

学校体育竞赛改革方法初探

体育竞赛是学校体育的一个重要组成部分。构筑科学合理的体育竞赛体系是学校体育教学的一个方面的、系统的基础工程，它所函盖的不仅是体育教学课程领域，还包含着以潜在内为活教材的整个学校体育活动．本文旨在对学校体育竞赛方法的探讨使学校体育竞赛更加有序、健康的发展，为树立全民健身第一的思想打下结实的基础。     

信息网络传播权限制研究

本文分析了信息网络传播权限制的方式及法理基础,指出了网络传播权限制的意义。     

对普通高校办高水平运动队若干方向性问题的初步探讨

要达到我国普通高校办高水平运动队的总体目标，必须对办队的策略、规模及突破口进行新的抉择。本文认为教（委）体（委）联合办队，是现阶段能使普通高校高水平运动队走向世界大运会的唯一选择。并呼吁对教体联合进行研究、规划和引导，并对由此带来的一系列问题作进一步的研究，以使普通高校高水平运动队的建设免蹈无序、低效的覆辙，朝积极、规范和有序的方向发展．     

从刘翔的成功解析新时期田径运动训练的"三从一大"原则

通过对刘翔训练与比赛的研究,揭示了新时期田径运动训练“三从一大”原则的深刻内涵,即在认识本项目特性的前提下,训练以“从难、从严”为保障,以“从实战出发”为核心,以“科学的负荷量”为关键。同时,注重运动训练过程中科学技术的运用。     

对我国竞技体育可持续发展的外在因素之思考

可持续发展观已成为世界乃至我国现代化进程中的主旋律,可持续发展是人类社会发展的必由之路。主要从社会学的角度分析了影响我国竞技体育可持续发展的外在因素,包括社会自然环境、经济、政治、人口、教育、社会文化、科技等多方面因素。     

Development and field validation of an omni-domain power-duration model

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To validate and compare a novel model based on the critical power (CP) concept that describes the entire domain of maximal mean power (MMP) data from cyclists.

Methods: An omni-domain power-duration (OmPD) model was derived whereby the rate of W? expenditure is bound by maximum sprint power and the power at prolonged durations declines from CP log-linearly. The three-parameter CP (3CP) and exponential (Exp) models were likewise extended with the log-linear decay function (Om3CP and OmExp). Each model bounds W? using a different nonconstant function, W?eff (effective W?). Models were fit to MMP data from nine cyclists who also completed four time-trials (TTs).

Results: The OmPD and Om3CP residuals (4 ± 1%) were smaller than the OmExp residuals (6 ± 2%; P < 0.001). W?eff predicted by the OmPD model was stable between 120–1,800 s, whereas it varied for the Om3CP and OmExp models. TT prediction errors were not different between models (7 ± 5%, 8 ± 5%, 7 ± 6%; P = 0.914).

Conclusion: The OmPD offers similar or superior goodness-of-fit and better theoretical properties compared to the other models, such that it best extends the CP concept to short-sprint and prolonged-endurance performance.