不同锻炼项目及强度对男大学生视觉选择反应时注意分配和手臂稳定性的影响

使用北京博达电子公司生产的DDX一200型电脑多功能心理生理能力测试康复仪,测试被测的视觉选择反应时,视觉注意分配和手臂稳定性等指标的数据并进行实验前后比较。选择男大学生为研究对象,采用实验研究方法,以不同强度、项目的身体锻炼为干预手段,对男大学生心理健康中的2个认知指标1个情绪指标的影响进行实验研究,以期为大学生科学健身、健心和高校体育改革与发展提供一些参考。研究结果显示:(1)小强度身体锻炼对男大学生视觉选择反应时、视觉注意分配、手臂稳定性等促进作用较小,而中等强度身体锻炼对3项指标的影响较大。(2)身体锻炼的心理效应受锻炼项目的影响。乒乓球、跆拳道效果更有利于心理健康认知指标成绩的提高;跑步的锻炼作用则较弱。乒乓球和跆拳道的锻炼比慢跑锻炼更具心理效益。     

Individual Differences Influencing Immediate Effects of Internal and External Focus Instructions on Children’s Motor Performance

Purpose: A large pool of evidence supports the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on motor skill performance in adults. In children, this effect has been studied less and results are inconclusive. Importantly, individual differences are often not taken into account. We investigated the role of working memory, conscious motor control, and task-specific focus preferences on performance with an internal and external focus of attention in children. Methods: Twenty-five children practiced a golf putting task in both an internal focus condition and external focus condition. Performance was defined as the average distance toward the hole in 3 blocks of 10 trials. Task-specific focus preference was determined by asking how much effort it took to apply the instruction in each condition. In addition, working memory capacity and conscious motor control were assessed. Results: Children improved performance in both the internal focus condition and external focus condition (?_p² = .47), with no difference between conditions (?_p² = .01). Task-specific focus preference was the only factor moderately related to the difference between performance with an internal focus and performance with an external focus (r = .56), indicating better performance for the preferred instruction in Block 3. Conclusion: Children can benefit from instruction with both an internal and external focus of attention to improve short-term motor performance. Individual, task-specific focus preference influenced the effect of the instructions, with children performing better with their preferred focus. The results highlight that individual differences are a key factor in the effectiveness in children’s motor performance. The precise mechanisms underpinning this effect warrant further research.     

试论少儿读者阅读指导中注意规律的运用

本文从心理学注意规律原理出发,系统阐述了无意注意与有意注意的基本理论及在儿童图书馆的运用,强调儿童图书馆工作者应在阅读指导实践中,经过自身的努力,变无意注意为有意注意,以激发儿童的读书热情,提高儿童的读书效益,真正发挥儿童图书馆寓教于乐、以书育人的作用,对于社会变革时期进一步做好儿童图书馆阅读指导工作具有一定参考价值。     

Attentional cuing in math word problems for girls at-risk for ADHD and their peers in general education settings

The purpose of this theoretically-based study was to examine the effects of yellow-highlighting ‘relevant’ words and units within math word problems. Initial differences were documented between 10 girls at-risk for ADHD and 10 comparisons on the performance of group and individual assessments of math computations and word problems, as had previously been reported for boys. To address these deficits (faster speed and lower accuracy) for the at-risk group, these fourth-grade girls were randomly assigned word problems under two experimental conditions (highlight vs. nohighlight) within a counterbalanced condition- and form-order design. Intervention gains were (a) slower rate of performance, (b) decreased off-task behavior, and (c) improved problem solving performance, differentially for girls at-risk for ADHD when their materials were first presented with highlighting – the effects of which carried over to a non-highlight condition. The theoretical, practical, and future research implications of this study are addressed.     

The advantages of an ADHD classification from the perspective of teachers

ABSTRACT

In Western countries, the number of ADHD diagnoses and medical treatments of children has risen spectacularly over the last decennia, as has the amount of criticism about this trend. Various studies have shown that children receiving an ADHD classification often follow from initial signals that were raised in a school context. Hence, it becomes important to investigate precisely what advantages attach to ADHD classification in educational practice. In this qualitative study, 30 teachers were interviewed about their experiences and views of ADHD. The results suggest that a small number of interviewees sees no advantages to ADHD classification: the classification does not practically help them as teachers, they are familiar with the drawbacks of ADHD classification, and they take issue with the idea of labelling children. The greater number of interviewees, however, suggest ambivalence about ADHD classification: they are aware of its drawbacks while experiencing mainly advantages. According to the interviewees, ADHD classification explains undesirable behaviours and disappointing academic achievement. Classification thereby removes blame from pupils, parents and teachers, and so can be a starting point for productive agreement and collaboration. We will discuss the implications of these findings in the light of the concept of reification, child-centred problematisation and the development of more inclusive education.     

Inattention and Response to the ABRACADABRA Web-Based Literacy Intervention

Abstract

Inattention is often associated with reduced response to reading intervention. This study explored attention as a predictor of individual variation in response to a free-access Web-based literacy intervention, ABRACADABRA (http://abralite.concordia.ca) in typical Grade 1 children. A randomized control design was used to contrast two interventions, a phoneme-based Synthetic and a rime-based Analytic Phonics approach, against a regular classroom control condition. Attention measured by parent ratings and a sustained attention task, was correlated with reading. Attention also predicted growth in blending and reading comprehension for students receiving only regular classroom teaching. However, in the most successful intervention, Synthetic Phonics, attention no longer predicted reading outcome. An omnibus analysis of effect sizes that combined all attention measures across all areas of literacy attainment improved by ABRCADABRA confirmed that there were significant differences between the regular classroom teaching control and the synthetic phonics intervention: Attention predicted significantly more variance in attainment in the control condition. These results suggest that the computer-based literacy intervention, ABRACADABRA, can influence the associations between literacy and attention and may support students at risk of reading and attention difficulties.     

数学教学与能力培养

数学教学中，应更新观念，关注学生个人体验，融会贯通，尤其在应用题教学中，让学生通过解题获得解决问题的能力，从而促进主动探索、创新。     

The memory of science: Inflation,myopia, and the knowledge network

Scientific production is steadily growing, exhibiting 4% annual growth in publications and 1.8% annual growth in the number of references per publication, together producing a 12-year doubling period in the total supply of references, i.e. links in the science citation network. This growth has far-reaching implications for how academic knowledge is connected, accessed and evaluated. Against this background, we analyzed a citation network comprised of 837 million references produced by 32.6 million publications over the period 1965–2012, allowing for a detailed analysis of the ‘attention economy’ in science. Our results show how growth relates to ‘citation inflation’, increased connectivity in the citation network resulting from decreased levels of uncitedness, and a narrowing range of attention – as both very classic and very recent literature are being cited increasingly less. The decreasing attention to recent literature published within the last 6 years suggests that science has become stifled by a publication deluge destabilizing the balance between production and consumption. To better understand these patterns together, we developed a generative model of the citation network, featuring exponential growth, the redirection of scientific attention via publications’ reference lists, and the crowding out of old literature by the new. We validate our model against several empirical benchmarks, and then use perturbation analysis to measure the impact of shifts in citing behavior on the synthetic system's properties, thereby providing insights into the functionality of the science citation network as an infrastructure supporting the memory of science.     

Can Take It With You(节选)

Attention is asymmetric(不均匀的) at times. It can flow out of the system, as when the living pay attention to the dead. I was very painfully reminded of this just recently.     

两款注意规定适用中的罪刑关系悖论及消解

在刑法第310条第2款和第349条第3款的适用过程中,可能出现几个罪刑关系轻重失衡的悖论,应通过立法的完善和合理解释予以消解。