2008北京奥运会主场不利及应对

2008北京奥运会我国运动员在主场比赛存在优势的同时,也有不利的一面.通过文献综述和逻辑分析,认为主场观众支持所引起的主场运动员(队)比赛压力的过度增加是我国运动员在2008北京奥运会主场比赛时的主要不利因素.通过增加我国运动员在主场比赛时积极的比赛经验,加强对不适应在主场观众支持下比赛运动员的适应性训练及增强运动员的自信心是应对2008北京奥运会主场不利因素的主要手段,可以以此来降低主场不利因素对我国运动员竞技表现的影响,从而提高我国运动员2008北京奥运会主场比赛的胜率.     

球类运动员的＂Choking＂现象及其产生原因分析

随着竟技运动水平的迅速提高,运动员之间的较量更为激烈.常常有运动员在手握赛点的前提下,发挥失常,把即将到手的金牌拱手让人,这也就是运动心理学所谓的＂Choking＂现象.本文分析了球类运动中＂Choking＂现象的产生原因,旨在找出解决这一问题的办法.     

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n?=?13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group – acclimatisation interventions – was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure.     

从"Choking"现象看竞技运动员心理技能培养模式

本文在综述竞赛中“Choking”现象的定义及其理论解释的基础上，从运动员的个体心理因素和最佳竞赛状态两个方面进行分析，构建了竞技运动员心理技能的培养模式，旨在提高竞技运动员的竞赛成绩。     

体育比赛中的"choking"现象——一个亟待解决的心理学问题

现代运动竞赛中,运动员在关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多,心理学上称之为压力下的“choking”,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生技术衰败的现象。本文在综述竞赛中“choking”现象的定义及其理论解释的基础上,探讨了“choking”现象发生的机制及其原因,寻找其预防措施,并分析目前有关“choking”的心理学研究存在的问题及今后研究的方向。旨在引起教练员、体育工作者的足够重视,为提高运动员的竞赛成绩提供参考。     

运动竞赛中的运动认知和Choking现象

2005年第11届世界运动心理学大会上出现了大量研究运动竞赛心理学的论文,反映了运动心理学界对解决运动员竞赛心理问题的重视。就运动状态下的运动认知和竞赛中的Choking现象综述国内外的研究现状,认为今后的研究应解决如何在真实的复杂的运动情境下测量运动认知以及Choking的预防、干预方法和效果评价等。     

基于运动技能内隐学习理论的Choking现象干预效果研究

实验以15名具有Choking现象的篮球专修课学生为对象,采用组别＊测验时间（2＊3）的双因素混合设计,以每组10个罚球线定点投篮的命中数为实验因变量,对实验组进行＂如将纸团扔进纸篓那样＂的投篮技能内隐学习干预,控制组则不加干预。结果表明：实验组和控制组的Choking指数存在显著差异（F（1,13）=7.146,p=0.019,η2=0.355）,测验时间对Choking指数有显著的影响（F（2,26）=9.882,p=0.001,η2=0.432）,组别和测验时间对Cho-king指数存在显著的交互作用（F（2,26）=5.524,p=0.010,η2=0.298）,内隐学习是干预Choking现象的一种有效手段。     

Linking performance decline to choking: players’ perceptions in basketball

This study was aimed at examining how basketball players view unexpected performance errors in basketball, and under what conditions they perceive them as choking. Fifty-three basketball players were randomly assigned into 2 groups (game half) to evaluate the linkage between performance decline and choking as a function of game-time, score gap and game half. Within each group, players viewed 8 scenario clips, which featured a different player conducting an error, and subsequently rated the extent of performance decline, the instance of choking and the salience of various performance attributions regarding the error. The analysis revealed that choking was most salient in the 2nd half of the game, but an error was perceived as choking more saliently in the beginning of the 2nd half. This trend was also shown for players’ perception of performance decline. Players’ ratings of the attributions assigned to errors, however, revealed that during the end of the 2nd half, time pressure and lack of concentration were the causes of errors. Overall, the results provide evidence towards a conceptual framework linking performance decline to the perception of choking, and that errors conducted by players are perceived as choking when there is not a salient reason to suggest its occurrence.     

大学生篮球运动员自我意识与Choking的关系

Choking现象指在压力条件下,一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象,其产生机制及影响因素是近年来运动心理学研究的热点之一。以某体育大学40名男性大学生篮球运动员为被试,设置无压力、低压力及高压力三种实验条件,采用纵向研究的范式,揭示了自我意识与Choking的关系。研究发现,大学生篮球运动员的内在自我意识及外在自我意识均与Choking指数存在中等程度的正相关,二者能够有效地预测Choking现象,解释Choking指数变异。