Regulatory policy as innovation: Constructing rules of engagement for a technological zone of tissue engineering in the European Union

This paper addresses the question of the part that regulation plays in processes of innovation in sectors of technology. The politico-economic phenomenon of ‘Europe’ is partly constituted by regulatory regime-building, and new technologies are one of the major sites of regime-building. A constructionist social theory perspective shows that study of the conflictual processes of regulatory policymaking affords insights into the formation of the rules of engagement that constitute technology domains. Adopting the concept of emergent ‘technological zone’ in preference to industrial ‘sector’ or technoscientific network, the paper presents, using empirical research, a detailed account of the case of the debate and development of regulatory policy for therapeutic tissue engineering in the European Union's policy institutions and stakeholder networks. It describes how the jurisdiction of an emergent zone has been formed through such negotiations, providing a counter-example to the common view that regulation ‘lags behind’ innovation. The analysis takes account particularly of the part played by the malleability of the definition of the material technology itself in such constructive governance processes, and it also suggests various consequences for the array of producers of the technology, for market structuring and for the innovation pathways taken by tissue engineering technology. Concluding, the paper argues that there is conceptual advance to be made by bringing together constructionist social theory with innovation studies approaches that highlight the part played by non-firm, public institutions in shaping innovation ecologies.     

Geographical amplitude in the international generation of technology: Present situation and business determinants

Building on a rich dataset with information on 65,000 firms and 465,000 European patent applications from 1978 to 2000, this paper addresses the geographical amplitude of international technology generation. First, we show that the number of countries hosting international technological activities is increasing. The USA and some developing nations benefit from this internationalisation. Conversely, although Europe as a whole still plays a leading role in the encouragement of foreign technological activities, some European countries, such as Germany and the UK, appear to be losing their technological appeal. Second, we verify that multinational corporations (MNCs) have increased the geographical amplitude of their technological activities. In fact, the mean number of countries in which MNCs internationalised technology generation has doubled during the 23 years we have analyzed. Third, we address the business characteristics that explain this phenomenon. A negative binomial regression suggests that internationalisation is higher in MNCs showing a greater technological diversification, a higher volume of technological activity, a wider presence in international markets and more experience in the international generation of technology. Finally, American corporations and (regardless of the home country) those firms whose main technological fields are in chemistry, pharmaceuticals, or electronics, present the highest geographical dispersion of their international technological activities.     

迎接知识经济挑战的欧洲高等教育

以欧洲主要国家的高等教育发展为背景,阐述了面对知识经济时代,为加快高等教育发展所采取的“加强各国间合作,共建面向未来欧洲高等教育;把高等教育纳入国有创新体系,发挥高校在知识经济发展特点是科技创新中的作用”等有效措施。     

简论普罗米修斯形象在欧洲文学中的演变

普罗米修斯是欧洲文学中的重要的一个多重组合的艺术形象,欧洲不同时期的政治、经济、文化的变化发展使得不同作家笔下的普罗米修斯形象有所不同。而这一演变过程,却折射出了西欧的历史文化发展的时代特征,呈现出不同作家的思想艺术观念和这一形象的內在精神。我们从文化变迁与社会历史发展的角度,去探究它,对我们学习和认识欧洲文学,有着十分重要意义。     

试论20世纪欧美作家审美视角的内向化

欧美作家审美内向化有其社会、思想和审美的深刻根源;作为20世纪的文学主潮,现实主义和现代主义作家的审美视角都表现了这一特点;作家审美视角的内向化,打破了传统文学封闭结构,为文学发展开辟了新的艺术领域,增加了作品的容量和力度。     

Corporate strategic technological partnerships in the European information and communications technology industry

In the era of “alliance capitalism”, the increasing number of strategic technological partnerships (STPs) has been mainly recorded in the science-based fields, of which information and communications technology (ICT) is a leading sector. The establishment of STPs has also characterised the European ICT industry. The growing technological interrelatedness and the need to acquire capabilities in related fields have been identified in the literature as major explanations for the increase in corporate technological co-operation. This paper investigates the role of corporate technological specialisation factors in the conclusion of STPs in the European ICT industry by carrying out a dynamic analysis. Accordingly, the patterns followed by corporate technological partnerships in the industry in question are investigated since the late 1970s. Based on US patent data granted to the world's largest firms as well as STPs data, the results of the econometric analysis are consistent with the view that the more similar partners' technological portfolios are with one another, the easier it is to absorb each other's capabilities.     

中国-中东欧国家科技创新能力及科技合作研究

运用创新综合指数和全球创新指数分析研究中国与中东欧国家科技创新能力,利用大量数据分析中国-中东欧各国科技投入与产出状况.通过比较探寻中国-中东欧国家科技发展的水平,为科技合作的开展提供依据,并提出加强中国-中东欧国家科技合作的具体建议,为进一步推动区域科技合作,实现"一带一路"共同发展目标提供理论指导.     

2004年欧洲足球锦标赛各队技术与进球关系的综合评价

对2004年欧洲足球锦标赛决赛阶段各队主要技术的运用情况进行统计，运用逐步回归法对比赛的12项主要技术与进球的关系进行综合评价，得出助攻和射进指数是影响进球数主要因素的结论，并对训练工作提出建议，以期为各级足球队的训练提供一定的理论参考。     

数字资源许可的法律风险提示及规避——ECUP《数字资源授权许可》文件解读

[目的/意义] 对欧洲版权用户平台发布的《数字资源授权许可》风险规避原则进行解读,以期对我国图书馆规避数字资源国际许可使用中的法律风险有所启示。[方法/过程] 分析《数字资源授权许可》原则中针对许可方垄断优势、法定例外、许可权利、合同用语不规范以及争议解决方式等做出的风险提示,以及其采取的一系列行之有效的防控措施,细化许可协议的书写规范,避免签署由数据库商独占权而产生的风险条款等,为图书馆合理规避法律陷阱提供参考依据。[结果/结论] 为规避数字资源许可协议的法律陷阱,我国应增强反垄断的维权意识、制定数字资源许可使用协议法律风险提示框架、适用中国法律由中国法院管辖。     

欧盟数据保护影响评估制度及其启示

欧盟数据保护影响评估制度起源于隐私影响评估制度,数据保护影响评估制度的实施主体是数据控制者,规制对象是具有高风险的数据处理行为,具体流程包括审查、咨询、评估、报告和保障及复审五个阶段。欧盟数据保护影响评估制度对数据保护有风险防控作用,企业可因此更被消费者信赖。数据保护影响评估制度有指导性规范与行业自律结合、强制性义务两种模式。欧盟数据保护影响评估制度对于我国个人信息和重要数据安全风险评估制度配套法规的制定和落地,尤其是在安全风险评估的适用范围、评估性质、流程设计与机构设置等方面,具有重要的借鉴意义。图3。表1。参考文献19。