The Structural Adjustment of Football in Zambia: Politics,Decline and Dispersal, 1991–1994

Abstract

This paper explores multiple and complex relationships between football (soccer), politics, and the economy in postcolonial Zambia. Based on archival and oral sources collected in Zambia, the paper argues that President Frederick Chiluba’s government failed to support football development when it came into power in 1991 because it was elected on a platform of liberalizing the collapsing national economy. Chiluba privatized state-owned companies that were sponsoring the game resulting in the plummeting of the local standards and migration of talented footballers abroad in search of better livelihoods. Furthermore, the paper argues that while the exodus of talented footballers led to the deterioration of the standards of the local league, their transnational experience boosted the performance of the Zambia national football team. This led to the emergence of one of the best national teams the country has ever had. Unfortunately, this particular team perished in the Gabon air disaster in 1993 following the government’s disinvestment in the game. However, a few months after the disaster, the country managed to rebuild a national football team, which emerged as runners up to Nigeria in the 1994 African Cup of Nations final as a result of a large pool of local and foreign-based football players.     

Historical Frameworks and Sporting Research

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a wealth of research into how the game of association football developed. However, rather than establishing a common theme this research has led to competing theories with the debate dividing opinion on how the game of football was developed and propagated. While debate is healthy, the approach taken by some could lead to fellow academics looking to those engaged in sport history as unprofessional. This paper seeks to propose a way forward with academics working towards an all-encompassing history of the sport, by suggesting the adoption of a framework based on the work of Fernand Braudel, where indepth analysis of individual events is combined with the identification of transformational cycles. The paper concludes by suggesting that historians interested in soccer’s early history work together within the framework to develop a more detailed and all-encompassing early history of the sport. This framework will not claim that either the orthodox or revisionist view is accurate, instead it will determine how best to work those debates into an all-encompassing approach while searching for detailed evidence on what was actually occurring at local levels.     

贯彻“以德治国”方略坚持“以德育人”为先

“以德治国”,是江泽民同志提出的重要治国方略,结合学校实际贯彻“以德治国”方略,就是要坚持“以德育人”为先,既要牢固“首位、思想,强化“师表”意识;又要着力“课堂”教学;狠抓“养成”教育,营造“环境”氛围,构建“机制”育人。     

在促进和谐社会建设中创新高职教育

随着我国经济建设进入协调有序、快速稳定的发展时期,高等职业教育要融入构建社会主义和谐社会的全过程。要不断创新,有勇于担纲的意识,努力培养出高素质、高水平和高技能的综合型人才,肩负起新的历史使命,为进一步促进社会主义和谐社会的建设,发挥出强大的教育功能。     

中西服饰审美意识差异

通过对中西服饰审美意识的差异及其产生根源的深入探索,使我们更好地立足于本民族的文化,把握西方服饰的精髓,树立国际化审美意识,以尽快融入到国际服装大潮流中。     

浅谈财务主管的角色意识

作为中层领导的财务主管不仅要具备良好的业务素质、较强的政策观念和职业道德水平．还要有较强的管理意识．才能做好本单位的财务工作。     

让学生学会做数学——课改下的数学教学新理念

新课标要求数学教学要让学生学会“做数学”,做数学”的目的最终是要让学生学会“数学化”。“做数学”的实质是把重点从“教”转向“学”,从教师的行为转向学生的活动,并且从感觉效应转向活动效应,使学生在数学的活动中感知数学、认识数学、体验数学和应用数学。     

20世纪初年的女子国民捐运动

本文主要通过对20世纪初年女子国民捐运动的考察,来探讨这一时期女子国民意识尤其是女子"义务意识"的觉醒及其发展。本文分三个部分:"女国民"意识的觉醒;女子国民捐运动的概况;女子国民捐运动的分析及其意义。     

刘勰《程器》中的作者"文德"批评新论

中国古代化和批评一贯强调“德”说。刘勰《程器》篇中提倡“德”是其作批评论中的重要构成内容。“德”与其“养气”说，“神思”说、“才、气、学、习”说，构成作创作的综合素质。“德”是作创作素质构成中最重要和最基本的因素。刘勰的“德”说不仅强调“”与“德”的关系并突出了“德”的作用，而且“德”说弘扬了作批评中的人意识、个性意识和主体意识。     

悲剧创作意识之我见

悲剧的灵魂并非依附于作品，而是存在于作家的意识中，但更多的，悲剧是人类的“百年之梦”，是人类社会的“原始意识”。