Setting Standards for English Foreign Language Assessment: Methodology,Validation, and a Degree of Arbitrariness

Cut‐scores were set by expert judges on assessments of reading and listening comprehension of English as a foreign language (EFL), using the bookmark standard‐setting method to differentiate proficiency levels defined by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). Assessments contained stratified item samples drawn from extensive item pools, calibrated using Rasch models on the basis of examinee responses of a German nationwide assessment of secondary school language performance. The results suggest significant effects of item sampling strategies for the bookmark method on cut‐score recommendations, as well as significant cut‐score judgment revision over cut‐score placement rounds. Results are discussed within a framework of establishing validity evidence supporting cut‐score recommendations using the widely employed bookmark method.     

European Standards in Russian Higher Education and the Role of English: a case study of the National University of Science and Technology,Moscow (MISiS)

This article considers the current changes in Russian universities, especially moves towards a more outward-looking, international approach, driven in particular by the Bologna Process. It is noted that the speed of change has been uneven, with many institutions slow to embrace reform. The situation at the National University of Science and Technology, Moscow (MISiS) is taken as an example of an institution where reform is moving ahead rapidly. The role of English teaching is examined as a driver of change. Research that informs the reforms is reported and the wider impact of English language teaching on academic quality and institutional culture is described and evaluated.     

欧盟框架计划中基础研究与科学传播结合的政策分析与启示

很多科技发达国家都将科学传播作为重大科研项目的有机组成部分,促进公众对科研项目的了解。欧盟框架计划主要通过两种途径来增进基础研究与科学传播的结合:设置独立的科学传播板块和在非科学传播项目中嵌入科学传播内容。本研究通过对欧盟框架计划项目中科学传播的政策分析,希望能够为中国重大科研项目中开展科学传播工作提供借鉴。     

基于Struts框架的Web应用设计与实现

随着面向对象技术和Web技术的发展,软件框架技术在Web开发中得到了广泛应用。Struts作为一个开源的Web层框架,是MVC及J2EE若干核心模式的标准实现,方便了代码的编写和管理,适用于大型、复杂的Web应用开发。讨论了Struts框架的工作原理,提出了一种基于Struts框架的Web应用软件设计方法（Struts＋proxy＋DAO）,并结合具体开发实例对架构的实现过程进行了详细描述。实践证明,基于Struts＋proxy＋DAO的Web应用系统具有很好的灵活性和易维护性。     

Neoliberal competition in higher education today: research,accountability and impact

Drawing on Foucault’s elaboration of neoliberalism as a positive form of state power, the ascendancy of neoliberalism in higher education in Britain is examined in terms of the displacement of public good models of governance, and their replacement with individualised incentives and performance targets, heralding new and more stringent conceptions of accountability and monitoring across the higher education sector. After surveying the defeat of the public good models, the article seeks to better understand the deployment of neoliberal strategies of accountability and then assess the role that these changes entail for the university sector in general. Impact assessment, I claim, represents a new, more sinister phase of neoliberal control. In the concluding section it is suggested that such accountability models are not incompatible with the idea of the public good and, as a consequence, a meaningful notion of accountability can be accepted and yet prized apart from its neoliberal rationale.     

《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判中的焦点问题

大气中CO2等温室气体浓度的不断升高所引起的全球气候变化，可能会对人类的健康、食物和水资源的安全、社会稳定与经济发展等产生一系列的负面影响。为了通过全世界的共同努力来遏制或制止地球变暖的进程，在世界各国的政治努力下，已经缔约了《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》。尽管就《公约》和《议定书》的具体实施细则还没有达成协议，但它标志着地球村的人们已经迈出了保护全球环境的重要一步。该文在回顾《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判进程和争论中的焦点问题的基础上，指出了我国为履行国际义务和保护国家利益亟需开展综合的科学问题和必要的知识与技术储备。     

Performance-based research funding: Evidence from the largest natural experiment worldwide

A performance-based research funding system (PRFS) is a nationwide incentive scheme that promotes and rewards university research performance through competition for government funding. The UK’s PRFS, currently the Research Excellence Framework (REF), is considered the oldest, largest and most developed payment-by-results system in academia worldwide. Surprisingly, and despite the strong criticisms, little has been done to quantitatively and casually evaluate the intended and unintended effects of the PRFSs. In this paper, we evaluate the incremental impact of the REF 2014 in the fields of Economics and Business. We use a synthetic control method to compare the performance of UK universities with their artificial counterfactual units constructed using data from US universities. Our analysis shows, on the whole, that the introduction of the REF had a significant and positive impact on the quantity and quality of the scientific research produced at UK universities. However, we do not find a significant effect on the per author measures, suggesting that the REF did not result in an increase in research productivity. We also show that the effects are more heterogeneous across universities than across academic disciplines. We do not find evidence of a shift of research focus from Economics to Business topics, as some feared. But our analysis indicates that the REF 2014 may have contributed to the concentration of research excellence in elite institutions.     

基于地理空间框架的违章建筑识别系统设计

地理空间框架建设为余姚市自然、社会、经济、人文与环境等各种信息建立定位基础、集成工具和交换平台;讨论利用框架建设的成果构建违章建筑监测系统,对系统建设所涉及的空间数据、技术问题一一进行分析。文章选取违章建筑监测这一角度,揭示地理空间框架建设成果在城市管理中的广泛应用,也对余姚市地理空间框架建设下一步工作提出新的要求。     

ECFA争端解决机制ADR程序研究

随着《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》(Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement,ECFA)的签订及其后续具体协议相关谈判的开展,两岸间的经贸合作必然趋于广泛和深入,但由此带来的贸易争端和摩擦也会逐渐增多。引入民商领域中的选择性争端解决方式(Alternative Dispute Resolution,ADR),通过对ECFA框架下争端特殊性以及ADR可行性分析,进而探讨其在ECFA争端解决机制中的具体程序设计,以期为两岸经贸争端解决协议的谈判提供参考。     

构建终身教育体系的一种有效方法--资历架构法

作为学习型社会形成的重要支撑和保障的终身教育体系,由于突破了传统教育的理念和界限并受到体制等诸多因素的制约,用传统常规方式进行构建很难奏效。该文借鉴目前国际上越来越多国家采用的资历架构法,运用成效为本的理念,通过梳理与排列社会资历,建立相应的资历架构和与之对应的知识架构与技能架构,形成资历与知识和技能的相互“映射”关系。这既可以构建有效明晰的资历培养途径,统一形形色色的教育培训;又可以在政府的引导和市场机制的双重作用下,有效避开体制障碍,实现不同教育培训的沟通与衔接,促进教育培训与社会实际需求的结合。与此同时,还能提高知识、技能、能力传授和训练的效率与效能,规范教育培训市场,提高教育培训质量,有力地推动终身教育体系的建设。