Attitude items and low ability students: the need for a cautious approach to interpretation

The results of the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS 2001) were published in 2003. In addition to data about the reading achievements of 10‐year‐olds in 35 countries, PIRLS 2001 also collected questionnaire information from children, their teachers, headteachers and parents. The results showed not just how well students can perform in various reading tasks, but also the relationship between reading abilities and other characteristics, including the characteristics of their homes and schools, the students' attitudes to reading, reading enjoyment, self‐confidence, engagement and perceptions of their reading abilities. Surprisingly enough, children in England were reported as having poor attitudes to reading, compared to children in many other countries, despite high achievement on the reading tests. This paper raises some concerns about the interpretation of results from the study, suggesting a more complex picture than that presented in the summary index published in 2003. Our secondary analysis of the attitude and achievement data from PIRLS shows that pupils with low ability levels have misunderstood the questions which tested their attitudes towards reading. The authors point out that caution is needed when making cross‐country comparisons to avoid naïve approaches to interpretation.     

校体联合——过渡时期高水平运动队的办学模式

运用文献资料法和逻辑法,分析对比了中、美办高水平运动队的状况,认为我国大部分普通高校尚未完全具备办高水平运动队的条件,与体工队联合办队是过渡时期普通高校办高水平运动队的较好模式,并对这种办学方法提出了一系列建议,以期为健全我国高校高水平运动队办学模式提供一定的参考依据。     

"人文奥运"理念与我国高校体育人文教育

北京奥运会为我国高校开展体育人文教育提供了很好的平台,“人文奥运”理念是对现代奥林匹克精神的浓缩与升华,是对现代体育人文精神的集中概括,也是高校体育人文教育内容体系的主要内容。高校作为体育文化传播的重要场所,在倡导“人文奥运”理念,推崇体育人文精神,开展体育人文教育方面无疑起到非常重要的作用。     

Contractual governance and the choice of dispute-resolution mechanisms: Evidence on technology licensing

In fast-paced and knowledge-intensive environments, licensing partnerships can be powerful levers for market expansion. Research on the management of technology-oriented licenses has nonetheless pointed out the risks of corrosive disputes caused by conflicting interests or misunderstandings among licensing partners. The choice made ex ante on mechanisms for resolving potential disputes is of prime importance in the execution of licensing exchanges. Although the legal literature has widely emphasized the advantages of arbitration towards litigation, public ordering remains the “default” option in managers’ eyes. By adopting a transaction cost economics logic, our study explores the conditions under which licensing partners may prefer arbitration over public ordering during the contractual-design phase. In accordance with our theoretical arguments, findings show that the occurrence of arbitration provisions increases when the coordination orientation adopted by licensing partners is extensive. In situations where both monitoring and coordination orientations are simultaneously extensive, results reveal a greater propensity to prefer arbitration over public ordering. Our research therefore supports the view that corporate decision-makers tend to favor the conciliatory stance and compromising awards typically associated with arbitration, only when exchanges are expected to be highly coordinative. Their preference for arbitration over litigation is magnified when the coordination orientation develops alongside the monitoring orientation.     

Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.     

新加坡发展科技与创新能力的经验及启示

新加坡采取了对外开放的策略,通过国际科技合作来积累,发展科技与创新能力,并取得了较大成功。新加坡的经验对中国建设创新型国家和知识经济有重要启示意义。     

中国国际人才集聚的空间格局演化及其对区域创新的影响

内容：本文基于2006-2015年30个省市国际人才和区域创新的数据,利用区位商、探索性空间分析法和空间面板计量方法,分析了我国区域国际人才集聚的空间格局演化特征及其对区域创新的影响。研究发现,我国国际人才集聚度总体较低,区域之间发展不均衡且存在显著的空间相关性,HH集聚省域主要分布于东部地区,LL集聚省域主要分布于中西部地区。随着时间推移,这种趋势不断强化；国际人才数量每增加1%,区域专利数增长0.23%,国际人才集聚显著提升了区域创新能力。根据研究发现,本文提出了进一步吸引国际人才,促进区域均衡发展的政策建议。     

我国5种医药大学学报在国内外数据库中高被引论文的对比分析

【目的】 对比国内高被引论文在国外的被引情况与国外高被引论文在国内的被引情况,探讨二者的相关性,以了解国内外高被引论文的差异。【方法】 选择2017年《中国科技期刊引证报告(核心版)》医药大学学报类综合评价总分排名前5位的期刊,选取2008—2017年各期刊在CNKI中的高被引论文共512篇及WoS中高被引论文共486篇,统计分析所选文献的被引频次等相关指标。【结果】 5种期刊的CNKI高被引论文的被引频次差异较小,而WoS高被引论文的被引频次差异较大;CNKI高被引论文的被引频次远高于WoS高被引论文的被引频次;除《南方医科大学学报》外,CNKI/WoS高被引论文的被引频次与其在WoS/CNKI中的被引频次的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】 我国5种国内学术影响力较高的医药大学学报的国际影响力均较低,这些期刊国内/外高被引论文的被引频次与其在国外/内的被引频次之间的相关性均不明显,国内外对5种期刊的引用存在差异。     

侨乡乡镇居民体育参与者体育活动特征调查研究

采用文献法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计法、比较分析法,就侨乡乡镇居民体育活动特征对重点侨乡晋江13个乡镇1300名居民进行了调查研究。调查表明:侨乡乡镇居民体育参与人口比率高于全国平均水平,但体育人口比率偏低;活动时间安排随意性、间断性;活动项目以散步跑步、羽毛球、篮球、乒乓球、棋类为主;活动场所以村落体育场地、自家庭院、住宅区空地、学校场馆、公园广场为主;体育消费实力较强,消费类型主要实物消费为主;活动组织化程度较高,自发性群体体育组织(非正式组织)扮演着重要角色。     

浅议体育场馆建设与经营模式创新

体育场馆建设将进入一个新的时期,建设布局将由单一独项转向综合集中,功能将由单一转向多功能,层面也将由单层向多层转化;结合经营管理现状,应引进体育彩票等融资模式,更新营销观念,以促进营销创新。