From objects to subjects: Repositioning teachers as policy actors doing policy work

Within policy discourses, teachers are positioned as objects of reform who enact policies under rational systems of observation and accountability and are, therefore, situated as de-professionalized actors lacking expert knowledge. This research project asks relatively straight-forward questions: If practicing teachers were given a voice in political debates over urban education policy and reform, what would they say? What macro-level policy problems would they identify as being important? Findings indicate the primary policy problems include Systemic Inequity and Bad Policy. The primary policy solutions include, Schools as a Community Resource; Shared Decision-Making; Contextual Goals; and Time, Space and Resources.     

我国公共文化场馆免费开放政策检视与反思

以公共图书馆为例,运用文化权利、政策过程理论对我国公共文化场馆免费开放展开政策检视和反思。研究发现,免费开放政策取得重要成效,但亦存在问题:恒定的经费补贴量难以满足免费开放后文化供给量和服务量的增长;经费分担机制未完全落实;按行政层级设计的补贴标准难以关照到不同规模的公共图书馆需要;监督管理和考核评价机制缺失,政策激励约束不足。这主要是因为动态的政策调整和优化未能及时跟进,中央地方事权与支出责任划分不明确、支出责任与财力不匹配以及政策成本高于收益。因此,建议完善分类资助标准,设计多重综合标准;建立完善经费保障的动态调整机制,创新财政保障方式;建立绩效评价体系,形成激励约束机制。表2。参考文献27。     

信息资源管理政策执行力影响因素研究——以《关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的若干意见》为例

本文以《关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的若干意见》为样本,研究影响信息资源管理政策执行力的相关因素,以期提高信息资源管理政策执行效率,更好地指导和规范新的政策的出台和实施。基于信息资源管理政策执行力影响因素的特点,运用系统动力学原理,通过建模和仿真对政府信息公开的程度、执行人员的素质与能力、目标群体的结构与信息素质、配套政策的协同性、信息资源管理政策的明晰性和前瞻性这五个因素进行灵敏度分析,对比各系统参数值的改变对信息资源管理政策执行力的影响程度。研究结果表明,政府信息公开的程度对信息资源管理政策执行力的影响最显著,目标群体的结构与信息素质对信息资源管理政策执行力的影响较小且有限,其余三个因素均对信息资源管理政策执行力产生不同程度的影响。结合大数据时代的发展需求,对《关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的若干意见》的修订提出建议:推进政府数据开放,建立健全配套政策协同机制,完善政策规范和体系。提出信息资源管理政策执行力的提升路径:提高政府信息公开和数据开放的程度,加强执行主体协同与信息资源开发利用活动的评估工作,增强政策制定过程的科学性,提升执行人员的素质与能力。     

我国高校学报专业化路径的现实选择与体制性障碍评析

我国高校学报就专业化发展进行了多方探索与尝试。但到目前为止,综合性学报仍居主体地位,学报专业化发展的一些设想因相关体制与政策障碍而难以落到实处。鉴此,宏观层面的管理政策与规章应有新的思路:稳定存量、改革增量,建立新的学报刊号资源的审批机制;有进有退、进退结合,建立动态的高校学报的进入与退出机制。     

The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: A systematic review

BackgroundDespite the well-established health benefits of physical activity (PA) for young people (aged 4–19 years), most do not meet PA guidelines. Policies that support PA in schools may be promising, but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.MethodsThis systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy, school, evaluation, and PA. Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies, 25 progressed to data synthesis. Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools, and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes: positive, negative, inconclusive, or untested statistically.ResultsEvidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting. These were whole school PA policy, physical education, sport/extracurricular PA, classroom-based PA, active breaks/recess, physical environment, shared use agreements, active school transport, and surveillance. The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive (54%), 27% was inconclusive, 9% was significantly negative, and 11% was untested (due to rounding, some numbers add to 99% or 101%). Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting (41%), 34% in the secondary setting, and 24% in primary/secondary combined school settings. By policy area, frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA (35%), 17% for physical education, and 12% for whole school PA policy, with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported (2%). Comparing relative strength of evidence, the evidence for shared use agreements, though sparse, was 100% positive, while 60% of the evidence for whole school PA policy, 59% of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA, 57% of the evidence for physical education, 50% of the evidence for PA in classroom, and 50% of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.ConclusionThe current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a “one-size-fits-all” approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice. Greater clarity regarding terminology, measurement, and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.     

城镇失业人员致贫因素实证研究——以西安地区为例

改革开放30年间,在经济的高速增长和开发式扶贫政策的共同作用下,中国取得了举世瞩目的大规模减贫成就,为全球的反贫困事业做出了重要贡献。然而,随着中国经济转型及国有企业改制,城镇贫困问题依然是一个我们不容忽视的社会问题。本文以城镇失业人员为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方法,运用SPSS统计分析软件对造成其贫困的因素进行了分析,并依据数据处理结论结合现实社会存在的特殊现象提出针对性的政策建议。     

关于普通高校《形势与政策》课教学改革的建议

国家教育部规定普通高校必须开设《形势与政策》课，但实际上大多都没有开，或者是遇到特别重大的国际国内问题时才应付一下。鉴于这门课对于大学生在正确认识历史和社会走向上的重要性，高校应该把它重视起来，用“专题课、专家讲、讲大事、社会化、讲座式”的思路进行教学改革，以提高教学效果。     

Managerialism and equalities: tensions within widening access policy and practice for disabled students in UK universities

This paper draws on a four-year longitudinal ESRC funded project examining learning experiences of disabled students in higher education in four universities. The focus here is on institutional responses to the demands of audit culture and legislation in relation to making reasonable adjustments for students with impairments. The data comes from institutional documents and face-to-face interviews with key informants within the institutions. The findings indicate that quality assurance regimes and legislation have had some positive effect on improving access for disabled students; however, local factors and type of institution also have a major impact on the way that national policies are expressed in particular contexts.     

Research and teaching cultures in two contrasting UK policy contexts: Academic life in Education Departments in five English and Scottish universities

The paper explores academic staff and departmental research and teaching cultures in the Education Departments of five universities in Scotland and England, countries with increasingly diverging public policies in respect of education. The relationship between research and teaching, how the purposes of universities are defined and the status of research in Education are current UK higher education policy preoccupations. Data is drawn from interviews with 40 academics, observation of department settings, documentation and websites. The analysis draws on the work of Bourdieu, considering the changing habitus of individual academics, their departmental and academic subject context and the forms of symbolic capital now required in Scottish and English Education departments in response to new policies affecting their academic field. The paper also utilises recent literature on the research–teaching relationship. The career trajectories of respondents, their habitus and the forms of symbolic capital that they bring to academic life are examined, as are the extent to which the teaching and research cultures in each of the five departments studied mirror each other and whether these also reflect the two different policy contexts. The themes how academic cultures are shaped and research/teaching connections viewed have international as UK relevance.     

基于政策租金和动态比较优势理论的战略性新兴产业集群演化路径研究

本文结合理论演绎和经验归纳两种方法,综合运用产业经济学、地理经济学、演化经济学、公共政策学等多学科理论交叉研究方法,在分析公共政策形成战略性新兴产业集群政策租金机制的基础上,建立基于政策租金的战略性新兴产业集群演化理论模型,剖析基于比较动态优势的路径创造、国际竞争力提升的机理,并提出相应的政策构想。文章强调双重政策租金对新兴产业演化重要而复杂的作用,提出动态比较优势、路径创造是战略性新兴产业集群健康发展关键的观点。