海都与窝阔台汗国的兴衰

海都一生曾做过两件轰轰烈烈的大事。其一,他恢复和扩大了窝阔台汗国;其二,他企图恢复祖先汗位。从前者来说,他挽救了濒临灭亡的窝阔台家族和汗国的命运,也使中亚的经济和政治得以维持半个世纪的和平与发展。从后者来说,海都因争夺汗位而对蒙古帝国的分裂负有一定责任,但绝非罪魁祸首。尽管他没有达到最终目的,但从其一生作为来看,他仍不失为一个有为的君主。     

美国珀尔修斯数字图书馆知识管理研究分析

从数字图书馆知识化管理的角度,对珀尔修斯数字图书馆工程,古文献的构建、传输和资源格式,学科之间的知识管理工具,数字图书馆软件发展以及深化和拓宽文献服务等进行分析,并对珀尔修斯数字图书馆如何收藏文献,数字化传统纸质文本和增设一系列工具以及如何为读者进一步阅读提供实时参考文献,成功实现古文献、多文本、多文种的数字化知识管理等方面进行研究。     

海洋战略与德占胶州湾

1897年德国出兵侵占我国胶州湾,这个事件与当时德国积极推行海洋战略有着必然联系。1888年,威廉二世即位为德意志帝国皇帝,此后,在他及海军大臣蒂尔皮茨的推动下,海洋战略和海军建设迅速地在德意志帝国内政外交中占据了重要地位。到了世纪末,随着海军建设的大规模展开,占领海外军事据点和争夺海上霸权,也成为德国政府的头等大事。经过多次讨论和实地调查,德意志帝国政府最终把中国北方的胶州湾当作侵占海外据点的首选目标,并于1897年11月实施了军事占领。侵占胶州湾虽然暂时地增强了德国在中国的军事力量和政治影响力,但却导致远东和太平洋地区原有国际力量对比的严重失衡,加剧了德国与其他列强的关系紧张,使德国在国际社会备感孤立,最终,不可避免地遭到失败。     

“执事官”利奥《历史》中的人物形象研究

"执事官"利奥的《历史》记载了10世纪下半期拜占廷帝国的诸多重大事件,是一部极具价值的史料。与此同时,书中涵盖了丰富的社会人群,记载了多种人物样态。本文利用当前国际拜占廷学界流行的"人物形象"解读方法,细致分析《历史》一书中的相关问题,就利奥笔下人物形象的范围、塑造维度以及其中所反映的拜占廷史学发展的新趋势等问题做出了深入探讨。     

The United States of America: “A culture of war”

Following a discussion of the concept of war – its definitions, historical origins, 20th–21st century examples, and immediate and legacy costs and consequences – the question of the United States as an empire is explored. The evidence indicates the United States meets all qualifications to be considered an “empire,” specifically a global empire seeking hegemonic economic, political, and cultural control of the world. This evidence includes a worldwide system of military bases, an extensive military–industrial–congressional complex that shapes domestic and foreign policies and actions, and an extensive national security system that now endangers and threatens the legal rights of its own citizens. At the core of U.S. pursuit of empire is a historic commitment to the beliefs in “manifest destiny” and American “exceptionalism.” It is proposed that the process and consequences of much of this are rooted in the existence of a U.S. “culture of war” that dominates U.S. domestic and foreign policies, and their destructive implementation across the world. A “culture of war” is an interlocking system of national meanings, beliefs, behaviors, institutions, and identities that consider violence and war necessary and justifiable in the pursuit of U.S. hegemonic global interests. Given the continuous pursuit of violence and war by the U.S. in the clear absence of security and survival threats, popular views that human beings are instinctually programmed to engage in war appears untenable. A general systems model of the socialization of a “culture of war” in the United States is presented to demonstrate the critical elements and processes involved in its development. The possibility of countering the building of a “culture of war” with building a “culture of peace” is shared in the article's closing section.     

古典式摔跤运动员提抱技术的腰背表面肌电分析研究

通过解剖学动作分析、表面肌电测试法,对古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术时的表面肌电进行实验测试,分析古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术的腰背肌肉协同变化过程。结果显示：1）在使用跪撑提抱技术时腰背肌肉中背阔肌做功百分比最高,平均为350k;2）主动肌的激活顺序为竖脊肌、背阔肌,肩胛提肌;3）在提抱技术中拮抗肌发挥着重要作用,且高水平运动员在提抱技术发力阶段;拮抗肌放电量与主动肌放电量有同步明显上升趋势;4）运动员应加强主动肌与拮抗肌的快速力量、反应力量和力量耐力训练,特别是针对性地进行专项力量训练。     

A Thirteenth-Century Scholar in the Eastern Mediterranean: Sirāj al-Dīn Urmavī, Jurist,Logician, Diplomat

This essay examines the career of the Shafi?ī jurist and logician Sirāj al-Dīn Urmavī (1198–1283), who combined his scholarly and judicial activities with ambassadorial appointments to Frederick II, King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, and the Ilkhan Hülegü. Originally from Azerbaijan, Sirāj al-Dīn spent most of his professional life in Ayyūbid Cairo and, from 1257, in Seljuk Konya, where he spent the final decades of his life as chief qadi. Through a contextualised reading of the extant biographical information for Sirāj al-Dīn, the article draws particular attention to two aspects of his physical and professional trajectory. First, the essay situates Sirāj al-Dīn's career in the context of processes of cultural change in thirteenth-century Anatolia. It seeks to demonstrate both the transfer and adaptation to the Anatolian urban milieu of social–cultural patterns attested for the a?yān in neighbouring predominantly Muslim societies, and the shaping of the social and cultural functions of immigrant scholars to Anatolia by local conditions. Second, the article identifies Sirāj al-Dīn as a prominent participant in an intellectual community engaged in inter-cultural exchange across political and confessional boundaries in the thirteenth-century eastern Mediterranean.     

Louis IX in Medieval Arabic Sources: The Saint,the King,and the Sicilian Connection

This article examines the portrayal of Louis IX in medieval Arabic historiography to show the importance of cross-cultural Mediterranean interaction. It argues that the image of Louis was influenced by information originating from the Sicilian Hohenstaufen court and reports that Frederick II sent to Egypt. Arab historians connected to the courts of Frederick and Manfred disseminated a “Sicilian narrative” that shaped Louis's portrayal in Arabic historiography. This argument on the importance of cross-cultural transfer in understanding Arabic historiography is buttressed by reports about the King, the Pope, and the Emperor that are traced back to the entourage of prominent Muslims closely linked to Sicily. Moreover, it is argued that Arab authors were aware of Louis's proto-sanctity and pious reputation. This led to the infusion of medieval Arabic historiography with Western ideas about sacrosanctity. Finally, this research assesses how the portrayal of King Louis during his captivity was used in internal Muslim rivalries.     

The wood of “C” and “F” Roman ships found in the ancient harbour of Pisa (Tuscany, Italy): the utilisation of different timbers and the probable geographical area which supplied them

During the excavation of the Etruscan and Roman harbour of Pisa, several shipwrecks were found. The wooden timbers constituting the ship C and ship F (which date back to the first and the second century A.D., respectively, as attested by archaeological findings) were selected in order to collect information about the technological knowledge of the time. Pinus pinaster Aiton was essentially utilised for the planking of ship C and Quercus sp. caducifolia for that of ship F. The choice of timber for the other parts of ship C hull was much more differentiated. Ship C seems to be built in a careful way and its characteristics when added to its overall lightness, seem to reflect its use as a higher capacity boat built for sea sailing. Ship F seems more linked to short voyages in inner fresh waters. The utilisation of different woods was linked not only to the technological characteristics of wood, but also to their easy availability. Palynological analysis, carried out on the clay sediments embedding the shipwrecks, has shown that the flora of Pisa area in that time period would have allowed the acquisition of all the timber species used for both the ships’ construction, with the exception of the fig wood. However, a foreign origin of the timber from somewhere else in the Northern Mediterranean area has not been excluded.     

罗马法发达之成因探析

罗马法是古代世界最完备的法律,达到了古代世界法律发展的顶峰。罗马法之所以如此发达,具有经久不衰的强大生命力,是与古代罗马商品经济的发达、自然法的理论指导、罗马法学家的作用以及罗马统治者对法治的重视不无关系。