Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system

The existence of structure in sport competition is implicated in the widespread practice of using the information gathered from a past contest to prepare for a future contest. Based on this reasoning, we previously analysed squash match-play for evidence of signature traits from among the stochastic relations between the various types of shot. The mixed findings from these analyses led us to re-analyse squash match-play as a dynamical system. Here, we extend this line of investigation with some suggestions as to how various sports might be described further within this theoretical framework. We offer some examples of dynamical interactions in dyadic (i.e. one vs one) and team (e.g. many vs many) sports, as well as some predictions from a dynamical systems analysis for these types of sports contests. This paper should serve to initiate further research into the complex interactions that occur in sport competition.     

中、日、韩青少年足球运动员培养体系的比较研究

采用对比分析方法,对中、日、韩青少年足球运动员的培养体系中的培养途径、培养目标、教练员队伍建设、训练和教学理念、竞赛体系等诸多因素进行全面的比较研究,深入认识中、日、韩青少年足球运动员培养体系的异同,分析各自的优点与不足,提出了中国青少年足球运动员培养应制定符合我国实际的培养体系,以推动我国青少年足球工作的不断改善。     

由《少林足球》论武术之窘境与发展

文章通过观看影片《少林足球》,从中国武术当今发展所面临的窘境出发,运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法解析武术如今所面临的困境的成因,并结合这些原因提出相关建议。文章进一步提出武术应如何顺应时代潮流再次崛起的方法,如竞技武术要引进最新的科学化训练手段及方法、传统武术要进一步弘扬文化内涵。     

Measurement of total energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method in professional soccer players

To determine the daily energy requirements of professional soccer players during a competitive season, we measured total energy expenditure in seven players (age 22.1 - 1.9 years, height 1.75 - 0.05 m, mass 69.8 - 4.7 kg; mean - s ) using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was simultaneously estimated from 7 day self-report dietary records. Mean total energy expenditure and energy intake were 14.8 - 1.7 MJ · day -1 (3532 - 408 kcal· day -1 ) and 13.0 - 2.4 MJ · day -1 (3113 - 581 kcal· day -1 ), respectively. Although there was a significant difference between total energy expenditure and energy intake ( P ? 0.01), there was a strong relationship between the two ( r = 0.893, P ? 0.01). Basal metabolic rate and recommended energy allowance calculated from the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese were 7.0 - 0.3 MJ ·day -1 (1683 - 81 kcal· day -1 ) and 15.6 - 0.8 MJ · day -1 (3739 - 180 kcal· day -1 ), respectively. A physical activity level (total energy expenditure/ basal metabolic rate) of 2.11 - 0.30 indicated that, during the competitive season, professional soccer players undertake much routine physical activity, similar to that of competitive athletes during moderate training. Energy intake estimated using dietary records was under-reported, suggesting that its calculation from these data does not predict energy expenditure in soccer players.     

第11届欧洲杯足球赛形成射门的进攻过程模型研究

通过对第11届欧洲足球赛形成射门的进攻过程的研究,利用标记法、因子分析法对形成射门过程中的58项进攻行为进行统计和分析,从而建立了形成射门过程的进攻模型。结果发现第11届欧洲杯足球赛形成射门的进攻过程模型主要有：“中后场发动逐步进攻射门因子”模型;“角球、底传中包抄抢点射门因子”模型;“前场任意球射门因子”模型;“前场发动阵地战运球突破射门因子”模型4种。     

2000年欧洲足球锦标赛进球情况探析

采用观看电视实况、录像和查阅有关文献资料相结合的研究方法 ,对2 0 0 0年欧洲足球锦标赛决赛阶段的 31场比赛的 83个进球进行统计分析。结果显示 :本届比赛进球创 1 984年以后历届进球数最高纪录 ;进球的最佳时间是上半时结束前1 5min和下半时开始后 1 5min;总进球的 78.3%是在运动中传接配合射入的 ,其中 ,中路进攻占 4 8.2 % ,边路进攻攻占 30 .1 % ;另外 ,2 7.1 %是定位球射入的。中路进攻是得分的主要途径 ,边路进攻是重要的得分手段。定位球的作用也不容忽视。     

运用主题词/副主题词关联规则在医学文献检索系统中抽取知识的尝试

本文尝试根据书目文献数据库中主题词/副主题词之间的语义关联规则抽取知识。以阿斯匹林这一比较常用的药物作为文献集合的主题范围,选取经过验证的关联规则,将其运用到具体的文献之中,获得具体的药物与疾病之间的知识,并对这些知识进行检验,以评价这种知识挖掘方式的可靠性。     

英语新闻标题的模糊性及其导语在翻译中的重要性

新闻标题言简意赅 ,以最短的篇幅道出最大的信息。但最短的篇幅往往难以最精确地叙述事件 ,有一定的模糊性。读者译者只看标题可能产生疑惑。这时 ,导语充当解惑的角色 ,显示了它的重要性。