我国优秀男子标枪运动员投掷技术的三维运动学研究

就第十届全运会田径比赛男子掷标枪决赛前8名的运动员运动技术动作进行解析研究,求得投掷动作的运动学技术参数,依据运动学参数以比较不同运动员达到较好运动成绩时所采用的个人独特投掷方式,为教练员认识标枪运动的复杂性与不同运动员的不同技术风格,科学地制定训练计划,控制训练过程奠定坚实的基础.     

放松技术在短跑中的作用及训练

放松跑技术在短跑项目中正在为更多的教练员以及运动员重视,通过对放松跑技术在短跑项目中的重要性以及如何正确的掌握放松跑技术进行了阐述,为我国短跑项目教学、训练的科学化提供借鉴.     

The effect of breast support and breast pain on upper-extremity kinematics during running: implications for females with large breasts

The relationship between inappropriate breast support and upper-extremity kinematics for female runners is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of breast support and breast pain on upper-extremity kinematics during running. Eleven female recreational runners with larger breasts (UK D and E cup) completed a 7 min 20 s treadmill run (2.58 m · s^?1) in a high and low breast support condition. Multi-planar breast and upper-extremity kinematic data were captured in each breast support condition by eight infrared cameras for 30 s towards the end of the run. Breast pain was rated at the end of each treadmill run using a numeric analogue scale. The high support bra reduced breast kinematics and decreased breast pain (P < 0.05). Upper-extremity kinematics did not differ between breast support conditions (P > 0.05), although some moderate positive correlations were found between thorax range of motion and breast kinematics (r = 0.54 to 0.73). Thorax and arm kinematics do not appear to be influenced by breast support level in female runners with large breasts. A high support bra that offers good multi-planar breast support is recommended for female runners with larger breasts to reduce breast pain.     

Musculoskeletal stiffness during hopping and running does not change following downhill backwards walking

Eccentric contractions that provide spring energy can also cause muscle damage. The aim of this study was to explore leg and vertical stiffness following muscle damage induced by an eccentric exercise protocol. Twenty active males completed 60 minutes of backward-walking on a treadmill at 0.67 m/s and a gradient of ? 8.5° to induce muscle damage. Tests were performed immediately before; immediately post; and 24, 48, and 168 hours post eccentric exercise. Tests included running at 3.35 m/s and hopping at 2.2 Hz using single- and double-legged actions. Leg and vertical stiffness were measured from kinetic and kinematic data, and electromyography (EMG) of five muscles of the preferred limb were recorded during hopping. Increases in pain scores (over 37%) occurred post-exercise and 24 and 48 hours later (p < 0.001). A 7% decrease in maximal voluntary contraction occurred immediately post-exercise (p = 0.019). Changes in knee kinematics during single-legged hopping were observed 168 hours post (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in EMG, creatine kinase activity, leg, or vertical stiffness. Results indicate that knee mechanics may be altered to maintain consistent levels of leg and vertical stiffness when eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage is present in the lower legs.     

短跑摆腿技术教学的实验研究

笔者主要通过对传统短跑摆腿技术的分析,探讨其所带来的负面影响,并运用实验对摆腿技术进行了新旧教学方法的对比分析。结果表明,采用新摆法的摆动腿抬得更高,步频更快,摆动腿的小腿扒地动作也更积极。     

Validation of a videogrammetry technique for analysing American football helmet kinematics

ABSTRACT

Professional American football games are recorded in digital video with multiple cameras, often at high resolution and high frame rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a videogrammetry technique to calculate translational and rotational helmet velocity before, during and after a helmet impact. In total, 10 football impacts were staged in a National Football League (NFL) stadium by propelling helmeted 50th percentile male crash test dummies into each other or the ground at speeds and orientations representative of concussive impacts for NFL players. The tests were recorded by experienced sports film crews to obtain video coverage and quality typically available for NFL games. A videogrammetry procedure was used to track the position and rotation of the helmet throughout the relevant time interval of the head impact. Compared with rigidly mounted retroreflective marker three dimensional (3-D) motion tracking that was concurrently collected in the experiments, videogrammetry accurately calculated changes in translational and rotational velocity of the helmet using high frame rate (two cameras at 240 Hz) video (7% and 15% error, respectively). Low frame rate (2 cameras at 60 Hz) video was adequate for calculating pre-impact translational velocity but not for calculating the translational or rotational velocity change of the helmet during impact.     

Differences in pedalling technique between road cyclists of different competitive levels

The purpose of this study was to compare the pedalling technique in road cyclists of different competitive levels. Eleven professional, thirteen elite and fourteen club cyclists were assessed at the beginning of their competition season. Cyclists’ anthropometric characteristics and bike measurements were recorded. Three sets of pedalling (200, 250 and 300 W) on a cycle ergometer that simulated their habitual cycling posture were performed at a constant cadence (~90 rpm), while kinetic and kinematic variables were registered. The results showed no differences on the main anthropometric variables and bike measurements. Professional cyclists obtained higher positive impulse proportion (1.5–3.3% and P < 0.05), mainly due to a lower resistive torque during the upstroke (15.4–28.7% and P < 0.05). They also showed a higher ankle range of movement (ROM, 1.1–4.0° and P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between the cyclists’ body mass and the kinetic variables of pedalling: positive impulse proportion (r = ?0.59 to ?0.61), minimum (r = ?0.59 to ?0.63) and maximum torques (r = 0.35–0.47). In conclusion, professional cyclists had better pedalling technique than elite and club cyclists, because they opted for enhancing pulling force at the recovery phase to sustain the same power output. This technique depended on cycling experience and level of expertise.     

我国优秀女子100米栏运动员跨栏步摆动动作的运动学特征分析

运用高速摄影及影片解析法获取我国优秀女子100米栏运动员第五栏跨栏步技术摆动动作运动学参数,并将主要参数与男子高栏和女子短跑运动员进行对比分析。结果表明：支撑阶段摆动腿大腿绕髋关节转动的扇形角度与女子短跑摆腿动作较为接近;摆动腿小腿绕膝关节转动的扇形角度呈前大后小,与短跑相反;摆动腿下压动作略早于男子高栏运动员;摆动大腿前摆的平均角速度快于下压时的平均角速度,摆动小腿折叠平均角速度是小腿打开平均角速度的3.2倍;起跨腿同侧大臂动作大于异侧动作且向前摆动幅度大于向后摆动幅度,起跨腿异侧小臂摆动幅度与同侧大臂相似。     

少年女子田径短跑运动员专项运动能力构成及其相关因素分析

运用选材学理论,采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数学分析法对少年女子短跑运动员专项运动能力构成及其因素进行分析。研究认为:少年女子短跑运动员专项运动能力对形态指标依赖程度较高。     

中外优秀男子百米分段速度的研究

为了缩小中外男子百米速度的差距,本文通过文献资料法、影片拍摄法和数理统计法,对男子百米国际优秀水平组、国际水平组、中国组三组每10米段的平均速度进行了分析,通过研究结果对百米加速跑、途中跑和终点跑段落进行了重新划分;认为造成中国男子百米成绩差距的主要原因是:起跑至10 m的平均速度较慢,维持最大速度的能力差.