美在主客体间自由的关系

美,是人类历史发展过程中开出的圣洁之花.美在主客体交互作用的动态过程中才能加以体现,美在于主客体间自由的关系,美是人类观赏到自己的全部本质力量和谐活动的瞬间体悟到的自由.美是关乎人的,只有充分理解了人的本质,事物何以美才能真正走向澄明之境.     

Validity and reliability of a linear positional transducer across commonly practised resistance training exercises

This study investigated the validity and reliability of the GymAware PowerTool (GPT). Thirteen resistance trained participants completed three visits, consisting of three repetitions of free-weight back squat, bench press, deadlift (80% one repetition maximum), and countermovement jump. Bar displacement, peak and mean velocity, peak and mean force, and jump height were calculated using the GPT, a three-dimensional motion capture system (Motion Analysis Corporation; 150 Hz), and a force plate (Kistler; 1500 Hz). Least products regression were used to compare agreeability between devices. A within-trial one-way ANOVA, typical error (TE; %), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) were used to assess reliability. Regression analysis resulted in R² values of >0.85 for all variables excluding deadlift mean velocity (R² = 0.54–0.69). Significant differences were observed between visits 3-2 for bench press bar displacement (0.395 ± 0.055 m; 0.383 ± 0.053 m), and deadlift bar displacement (0.557 ± 0.034 m; 0.568 ± 0.034 m). No other significant differences were found. Low to moderate TE (0.6–8.8%) were found for all variables, with SWC ranging 1.7–7.4%. The data provides evidence that the GPT can be used to measure kinetic and kinematic outputs, however, care should be taken when monitoring deadlift performance.     

Physiological responses in different intensities of resistance exercise – Critical load and the effects of aging process

Aim was to identify critical load (CL) in young and elderly apparently healthy male cohorts. To contrast the metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses on CL according to age. We evaluated 12 young (23 ± 3 years) and 10 elderly (70 ± 2 years) apparently healthy active males, who underwent: (1) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test on a 45° Leg Press; (2) on different days, three high-intensity resistance exercise constant load tests (60%, 75% and 90% 1RM) until fatigue (Tlim). Absolute values of both the CL asymptote and curvature constant (kg) were significantly lower in elderly subjects (P < 0.05). In contrast, elderly subjects demonstrated a significantly higher number of repetitions at CL when compared with young subjects (P < 0.05). As expected, oxygen uptake (VO₂) and heart rate (HR) during maximal aerobic exercise testing were significantly reduced in older subjects. However, percent-predicted aerobic capacity were higher in older subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate ([La^?]) corrected to Tlim and rating of perceived exertion values were greater in younger subjects at all intensities (P < 0.05). These findings, despite reduced force production in older subjects, endurance-related parameters are well preserved according to age-adjusted percent-predicted values in apparently healthy males.     

Can sit-to-stand muscle power explain the ability to perform functional tasks in adults with severe obesity?

This study examined the relationship between sit-to-stand (STS) power and physical function in adults with severe obesity. Thirty-eight adults (age: 44 ± 12 years; body mass index [BMI]: 45.2 ± 7.8 kg/m²) completed evaluations of STS power, strength and functional performance. STS power was measured with a wearable inertial sensor, strength was assessed with the isometric mid-thigh pull, and function was measured with the timed up-and-go (TUG), six-minute walk test (6MWT) and 30-s chair STS. Power and strength (normalised to body mass) entered regression models in addition to age, gender, BMI and physical activity (daily step count). Power displayed large univariate associations with TUG (r = 0.50) and 30-s chair STS (r = 0.67), and a moderate association with 6MWT (r = 0.49). Forward stepwise regression revealed that power independently contributed to TUG (β = ?0.40, p = 0.010), 30-s chair STS (β = 0.67, p < 0.001) and 6MWT performance (β = 0.27, p = 0.007). Power also appeared to be a superior determinant of function compared with strength. Power generated via the STS transfer largely underpins the ability to perform functional tasks in adults with severe obesity, although intervention studies are required to investigate a potentially causal relationship.     

Validity and reliability of a low-cost dynamometer to assess maximal isometric strength of upper limb

Muscle imbalance and deficit are key parameters for guiding rehabilitation and sports sessions and avoiding injuries. However, the high cost and non-portable nature of most instruments employed for muscle strength assessment frequently hamper an affordable evaluation in field conditions. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a low-cost digital dynamometer to assess the maximal isometric strength of upper limb muscles. Fourteen physically active volunteers performed the main movements of the upper limb at maximal isometric strength: flexion-extension, internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction of the shoulder; and flexion-extension of both elbow and wrist. Validity was examined by comparing the strength values from the low-cost digital dynamometer and those measured by an isokinetic dynamometer, assumed as the gold standard. The correlation between both devices was perfect (r > 0.913), while Bland-Altman plots showed absolute agreement between both devices, the maximum range of the values of bias was ?0.99–1.00 N in wrist extension. Inter-tester and intra-tester reliability were excellent for all movements (ICC ≥ 0.855). The low-cost digital dynamometer showed strong validity and excellent reliability in assessing maximal isometric strength during the main movements of the upper limb. Professionals may use it for an affordable isometric muscle strength assessment in field situations.     

我国男生引体向上“零”分探因:基于三角互证的研究策略

我国多数男生引体向上得"零"分,使上肢力量测评出现"地板效应"。采用量化研究和质性研究两种范式提高研究效度。量化研究对学生体质与健康调研数据和监测数据进行方差分析、多重比较和回归分析,结果表明：（1）每5~10年,男生的握力、体重、身高、BMI、引体向上均值差异显著;（2）年龄、握力、体重、身高、BMI分别显著预测引体向上成绩,体重和握力是影响我国男生引体向上成绩的主要影响因素。质性研究结果表明,引体向上"零"分主要有四个方面的原因：体重增长难挡,力量增长受限,个体认知偏差,社会支持薄弱。结论：我国男生引体向上"零"分的首要原因是体重增长较快,其次,主要肌群绝对力量和耐力增长不足,男生对引体向上的认知有偏差,学校、家长、社会支持较弱;借助政策控制体重、发展肌力、完善测评标准、促进男生积极练习引体向上十分重要。     

基于针孔阵列型的单次曝光双波长叠层成像

传统的叠层成像技术在增加参与成像的波长数量时,可有效地提高系统的成像质量和抗噪声能力。该技术已广泛应用于成像及测量等领域。但其复杂的机械移动式曝光方式,导致系统存在抖动、数据采集效率低且精度较差等问题,在增加成像波长数量时更严重地影响系统成像和测量性能。采用针孔阵列型双波长单次曝光叠层成像技术,经过实际的光学实验和数值模拟论证,在双波长情况下实现对实验数据的高效和高精度采集,避免了传统多波长叠层成像技术的弊端。还指出并论证,在选择参与成像的激光波长时,有必要考虑两个重要的波长参数：中心波长和波长间隔,为多波长的叠层成像技术提供有效的指导依据。与传统的双波长、多波长叠层成像技术相比,基于针孔阵列型的双波长单次曝光叠层成像技术具有更高的效率和更广泛的应用领域。     

平面截长方体问题的探讨

截面问题是几何学的重要内容之一,平面以不同形式截不同的几何体,所得截面可能是三角形、四边形、五边形、六边形,关键取决于如何截取,对于每一种情形找出的规律及有关结论,对教学必有一定的帮助.     

钎焊间隙对镍基钎料接头强度的影响

本文系统研究了Ni82.5Cr7Si4.583Fe3成分的非晶态及晶态钎料在不同的钎焊规范下,真空钎焊1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢时,接头强度随钎焊间隙变化的特征及与钎缝组织的对应关系.结果表明,接头强度随钎焊间隙的变化存在平台值现象,平台对应的两个特征钎焊间隙分别称为最小可用钎焊间隙{Wmin)和最大可用钎焊间隙(Wmax);从保证填缝质量及成形来看.Wmin不应小于0.01mm;从避免钎缝中出现脆性化合物相及获得较高接头强度考虑.钎焊间隙选择不应大于Wmax;在两个特征钎焊间隙内.钎焊间隙变化对接头强度影响不大;钎焊温度或钎焊保温时间增加时.最大可用钎焊间隙也增大,而最小可用钎焊间隙基本保持不变.     

落地侧切动作对下肢关节的影响与分析

目的:确定运动员在落地后即刻启动完成侧切变向(LSC)动作的下肢踝、膝和髋三关节矢状面的运动学和动力学特点,并与平地跑动侧切变向(SC)对比分析、探讨这些差异对下肢关节造成的影响。方法:以14名高水平足球运动员为背景的大学生完成落地侧切和平跑侧切动作时的下肢运动学和动力学数据进行采集与分析。结果:LSC动作的踝、膝关节ROM和关节角速度显著增加,髋关节ROM则呈相反趋势(P<0.05或P<0.01);LSC的踝、膝和髋关节力矩峰值,踝、髋关节功率峰值呈现显著大于SC(P<0.01),膝关节功率峰值小于SC(P<0.05);LSC在水平向后、垂直向上地反峰值及峰值加载率有明显的增加(P<0.01),水平向右地反无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:LSC虽然略降低了膝关节功率峰值,但其余所有运动学、动力学及GRF都预示其下肢关节所承受的损伤风险更高,尤其是踝关节和膝关节。踝关节的高功率和跖屈肌的持续紧张、伸膝力矩和三维地反的显著升高,使得该动作比公认高损伤风险的平跑侧切损伤风险几率更大。