Outside directors on the board and innovative firm performance

We investigate how outside directors on supervisory boards influence innovative activities of the firms they advise and monitor. Based on panel data on the largest German companies, the econometric analysis shows a positive influence of external executives on innovative firm performance, measured by patent applications. Differentiating between outside directors from innovative and non-innovative companies reveals that only outside directors from innovative firms increase patenting activities at the firms they advise and monitor. This effect increases with the technological proximity between the appointing firm and the outsider's home firm. Outside directors from non-innovative firms are negatively associated with the appointing firm's innovativeness. The results indicate that external executives with an appropriate professional background can provide valuable specific knowledge and expertise to the board.     

Diversity in patterns of industry evolution: How an intrapreneurial regime contributed to the emergence of the service robot industry

How do new industries emerge? This paper aims to answer this question by analyzing the key actors in this process. We focus on the new industry of service robot. By using data of Japanese patent applications, we analyze the role of new firms and of collaborations. We find that the emergence of the industry is mainly triggered by established large firms, rather than by new firms. We further show that collaborations are at the core of new industry formation, but that they possess distinct properties. As the emergence of this new industry matches to the characteristics of Japan's institutional and knowledge regime we essentially argue that the notion of regimes with fewer start-ups being inefficient is erroneous. Our main conclusion is that industry emergence in intrapreneurial regimes seems to be distinctive from entrepreneurial regimes.     

Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function

Abstract

The current study implemented a two-part design to (1) assess the vitamin D concentration of a large cohort of non-vitamin D supplemented UK-based athletes and 30 age-matched healthy non-athletes and (2) to examine the effects of 5000 IU · day^?1 vitamin D₃ supplementation for 8-weeks on musculoskeletal performance in a placebo controlled trial. Vitamin D concentration was determined as severely deficient if serum 25(OH)D < 12.5 nmol · l^?1, deficient 12.5–30 nmol · l^?1 and inadequate 30–50 nmol · l^?1. We demonstrate that 62% of the athletes (38/61) and 73% of the controls (22/30) exhibited serum total 25(OH)D < 50 nmol · l^?1. Additionally, vitamin D supplementation increased serum total 25(OH)D from baseline (mean ± SD = 29 ± 25 to 103 ± 25 nmol · l^?1, P = 0.0028), whereas the placebo showed no significant change (53 ± 29 to 74 ± 24 nmol · l^?1, P = 0.12). There was a significant increase in 10 m sprint times (P = 0.008) and vertical-jump (P = 0.008) in the vitamin D group whereas the placebo showed no change (P = 0.587 and P = 0.204 respectively). The current data supports previous findings that athletes living at Northerly latitudes (UK = 53° N) exhibit inadequate vitamin D concentrations (<50 nmol · l^?1). Additionally the data suggests that inadequate vitamin D concentration is detrimental to musculoskeletal performance in athletes. Future studies using larger athletic groups are now warranted.     

胃癌患者外周血调节性T细胞CD4+和CD25+的检测及意义

目的:研究胃癌患者外周血中调节性T细胞(T regulatory cells,Tr)的CD4 和CD25 表达与胃癌临床病理的关系,并分析其意义。方法:采用流式细胞术检测44例胃癌患者和10例健康体检者外周血CD4 CD25 Tr水平,并进行分层分析。结果:健康成人对照组外周血Tr表达率为(6.05±1.88)%,胃癌患者外周血CD4 CD25 Tr细胞占总CD4 T细胞的(15.27±4.06)%,与健康对照组比较,外周血CD4 CD25 Tr细胞比率均明显升高,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。分层分析显示,胃癌外周血Tr表达与淋巴结转移率和TNM分期有着负相关性,淋巴结转移阳性和TNM分期越晚,Tr表达率越高(P<0.05)。结论:胃癌患者外周血CD4 CD25 Tr细胞比率明显升高,并与患者免疫力低下及临床病理存在显著相关性,提示祛除人的CD4 CD25 Tr细胞是一种有效的治疗肿瘤的新方法。     

Betreuung und Bewertung wissenschaftlicher (Doktor-)Arbeiten

Das UnivG 2002 sieht keine ausdrücklichen Bestimmungen betreffend die Betreuung und Beurteilung wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten mehr vor, sondern stellt die Regelung dessen dem autonomen Satzungsgeber anheim. Bei der Gestaltung der betreffenden Satzungsinhalte spielen Aspekte der Gesetzeskonformit?t, Treffsicherheit und Sachgerechtigkeit eine wesentliche Rolle. Dies gilt vor allem für Dissertationen, die eine besondere Betreuungs- bzw Beurteilungsintensit?t aufweisen sowie vermehrten Zulauf aus dem FH-Bereich verzeichnen und jüngst zunehmend ins Zentrum hochschulpolitischer Reformerw?gungen gerückt sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund kommt auch der Frage nach der M?glichkeit und Zul?ssigkeit externer Dissertations-Betreuer besondere Bedeutung zu.     

新时代体育强国建设进程中职业体育高质量发展路向

新时代体育强国建设是一项系统工程,需要职业体育有所担当、有所作为,更需要其高质量发展。结合体育强国建设进程,对近30年我国职业体育发展历程进行系统回顾,揭示其当前发展困境,把握其运行逻辑和发展路向,提出实践策略。研究认为,内嵌于体育强国建设进程,我国职业体育发展存在"单军突进"倾向,面临发展不充分和较为突出的供需矛盾,需要借助以内涵建设为核心的职业体育高质量发展予以化解。我国职业体育的高质量发展主要体现在竞赛产品、行业结构、赛事布局的高质量以及发展路径的节约化上。实现策略方面,宜结合新时代要求,从转变发展定位、把握重点环节、理顺多方关系、推进体制创新等环节入手,在明确中国特色职业体育发展导向的基础上,强化我国职业体育竞争力、支撑力、持续力的提升,以促进其高质量发展目标的达成,实现推动新时代体育强国建设的责任担当。