考试经济与社会发展——以科举、高考为例

考试使用范围和规模若达到一定程度,就会形成考试产业链,与考试有关的各种产业都被带动,并直接从考试活动中获取经济利益。科举和高考通过各自考试产业的形成发挥了可观的经济功效,进而形成各自社会的考试经济。考试经济兴盛与否,主要取决于考试活动,包括考试制度存在时间的长短及其完善程度,以及考试在所处社会的重要性与影响力之大小。考试经济的兴旺发达积极作用于社会各方面发展的同时,也会带来消极影响。只有对考试经济兴利除弊,才能促进考试和社会的协调发展,才能最大限度地发挥考试的社会功能。     

诚信考试散论

考试在现代社会发展中起着十分重要的作用。立足于学校管理、教育体制、社会价值评判、考试功能的异化等多个角度,在分析当前考试不诚信成因的基础上,进而从历史和现实的角度提出应切实加强诚信考试建设。     

An Alternate Multiple-Choice Scoring Procedure in a Macroeconomics Course

In the standard scoring procedure for multiple‐choice exams, students must choose exactly one response as correct. Often students may be unable to identify the correct response, but can determine that some of the options are incorrect. This partial knowledge is not captured in the standard scoring format. The Coombs elimination procedure is an alternate scoring procedure designed to capture partial knowledge. This paper presents the results of a semester‐long experiment where both scoring procedures were compared on four exams in an undergraduate macroeconomics course. Statistical analysis suggests that the Coombs procedure is a viable alternative to the standard scoring procedure. Implications for classroom instruction and future research are also presented.     

More accurate than assumed: Learners’ metacognitive beliefs about the effectiveness of retrieval practice

We doubt the prevailing interpretation of lower Judgments of Learning (JOLs) for testing over rereading to reflect learners' favoritism of an ineffective activity. We argue that JOLs for testing are biased due to a negative feedback effect. In three preregistered experiments (N_final = 306), we eliminated the feedback effect by asking students to only imagine learning with the described activities (rereading/testing) after reading a text and by capturing offline-JOLs (off-JOLs = being decoupled from the current learning experience) as a function of an imaginary final test delay (5 min/1 week/2 weeks). In 5-min conditions, off-JOLs consistently reflected no differences between rereading and testing; in 1-week and 2-week conditions, two (of three) experiments demonstrated an advantage of testing over rereading. These results are consistent with actual learning outcomes in an experiment using the same text and activities (Rummer et al., 2017, Exp. 1). Learners’ metacognitive judgments resembled actual learning outcomes more accurately than suggested by previous research.     

考试市场及其非理性供求机制

考试市场即以考试为商品或劳务而形成的买者和卖者群体。我国的考试市场不断升温,但出现明显的非理性供求趋势。以分析考试市场的产生、涵义为出发点,在剖析考试市场升温的原因及其非理性供求现状的同时,指出建立市场理性供求机制的必要性,提出非理性考试市场需求的弊端及消除弊端的思考。     

多项选择测试的新模式

为了使测试结果接近或等于真分数,根据语言测试发展的“个人化、真实化和过程化”的新要求,以及目前多项选择测试的不足,新型的多项选择测试应该具有动态题目设计、合理分值计算和电脑辅助测试等特征。     

软件测试及关键技术

软件测试是提高软件可靠性最有效、最直接的方法之一。首先描述了软件测试的概念,给出了软件测试的四个根本特性,即动态性、有限性、选择性和预测性,在此基础上,对软件测试的过程、关键技术、管理方法进行了探讨,最后对现有测试方法进行了相关总结。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法最佳测试条件的选择

本文从七个方面分析论述了火焰原子吸收光谱法的最佳测试条件，并强调了应综合考虑，优化组合最佳测试条件，并用Zn、Pb、Cd标准水样的实测结果与标准值对比后的结果对理论分析进行验证。     

浅述标准参照测验的编制

本文通过标准参照测验的研究,以编制标准参照测验的理论为依据,以项目反应理论指导,结合操作系统的考试科目给出了标准参照测验的编制过程。     

教学改革与考试改革

教学改革受制于考试改革。高考具有筛选功能,也具有导向功能,应发挥高考的“指挥棒”作用以引导中学教学,推进素质教育。考试改革的方向应由考知识真正转向考能力,扩大能力考查的范围,改进能力考查的方式,使高考成绩反映考生的实际能力而不是对考试的准备程度。