Tensiomyography parameters and jumping and sprinting performance in Brazilian elite soccer players

Tensiomyography has been suggested as an indirect marker of muscle stiffness, which is associated with strength/power performance. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that tensiomyography parameters could be associated with power-related motor tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between tensiomyography parameters (from rectus and biceps femoris) and jumping and sprinting abilities in elite soccer players. In addition, we used tensiomyography parameters to compare the lateral symmetry between dominant and non-dominant legs. Twenty elite soccer players (age: 23.3 ± 4.8 years; height: 183.5 ± 6.6 cm; weight: 77.8 ± 7.5 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Significant moderate negative correlations between biceps femoris displacement and contact time (r = –0.5, p = 0.03), rectus femoris displacement and contact time (r = –0.51, p = 0.02), and a significant moderate correlation between biceps femoris displacement and reactive strength index (r = 0.5, p = 0.03) were found. There were no correlations between tensiomyography parameters and power-related motor tasks. In addition, no differences in tensiomyography parameters between dominant and non-dominant legs were found. Our data suggest that tensiomyography parameters are not associated with power-related motor tasks performance in elite soccer players.     

Energy turnover during 24 hours and 6 days of adventure racing

Abstract

Energy turnover was assessed in two conditions of mixed ultra-endurance exercise. In Study 1, energy expenditure and intake were measured in nine males in a laboratory over 24 h. In Study 2, energy expenditure was assessed in six males during an 800-km Adventure race (mean race time 152.5 h). Individual correlations between heart rate and oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) were established during pre-tests when kayaking, cycling, and running. During exercise, energy expenditure was estimated from continuous heart rate recordings. Heart rate and [Vdot]O₂ were measured regularly during fixed cycling work rates to correct energy expenditure for drift in oxygen pulse. Mean energy expenditure was 18,050 ± 2,390 kcal (750 ± 100 kcal · h^?1) and 80,000 ± 18,000 kcal (500 ± 100 kcal · h^?1) in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively, which is higher than previously reported. Energy intake in Study 1 was 8,450 ± 1,160 kcal, resulting in an energy deficit of 9,590 ± 770 kcal. Body mass decreased in Study 1 (?2.3 ± 0.8 kg) but was unchanged in Study 2. Fat mass decreased in Study 2 (?2.3 ± 1.5 kg). In Study 1, muscle glycogen content decreased by only 60%. Adventure racing requires a high energy expenditure, with large inter-individual variation. A large energy deficit is caused by inadequate energy intake, possibly due to suppressed appetite and gastrointestinal problems. The oxygen pulse, comparing start to 12 h of exercise and beyond, increased by 10% and 5% in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively. Hence, estimations of energy expenditure from heart rate recordings should be corrected according to this drift.     

Creatine supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise

Abstract

Thirty-six male rats were used; divided into 6 groups (n = 6): saline; creatine (Cr); eccentric exercise (EE) plus saline 24 h (saline + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus Cr 24 h (Cr + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus saline 48 h (saline + 48 h); and eccentric exercise plus Cr 48 h (Cr + 48h). Cr supplementation was administered as a solution of 300 mg · kg body weight^?1 · day^?1 in 1 mL water, for two weeks, before the eccentric exercise. The animals were submitted to one downhill run session at 1.0 km · h^?1 until exhaustion. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours after the exercise, the animals were killed, and the quadriceps were removed. Creatine kinase levels, superoxide production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, carbonyl content, total thiol content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-1b (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kb), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were analysed. Cr supplementation neither decreases Cr kinase, superoxide production, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol, IL-1β, NF-kb, or TNF nor alters the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxides in relation to the saline group, respectively (P < 0.05). There are positive correlations between Cr kinase and TBARS and TNF-α 48 hours after eccentric exercise. The present study suggests that Cr supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation after eccentric contraction.     

Cardiac Dimensions in Elite Young Track Athletes

The purpose of the study was to compare young sprint and distance runners for changes in their cardiac dimensions with increased age (10–17 years) or body surface area (1–2 m²). Echocardiographic dimensions were obtained on 73 male track athletes competing in the 1983 National Age Group Track and Field Association championships. Each group of athletes was also compared with a hypothetical normal population (matched for weight and age) generated from prediction equations derived by Henry, Gardin, & Ware (1980). The cardiac dimensions examined were: Left ventricular internal diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and interventricular septum thickness. The male distance runners (n = 38) had a significantly greater increase in left ventricular posterior wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness with increasing age or increasing body surface area compared to the sprinters (n = 35) or compared to the predicted normal population. The left ventricular internal diameter was not significantly different between the groups. These results indicate that the hearts of male distance runners are undergoing a training hypertrophy whereas the hearts of sprinters are no different than hearts in a normal population. The changes in cardiac dimensions of these young athletes run counter to the generalizations stated for adult athletes: That endurance training enlarges the left ventricular internal diameter, but does not increase the left ventricular posterior wall or interventricular septum thickness.     

有氧运动对大鼠心血管自主神经调节功能的影响

首先对心率变异性（HRV）和动脉压力反射敏感性（BRS）的测试分析方法进行了选取和改进,然后以正常大鼠为实验对象,观察比较尾动脉血压、脉搏、左室内压、心肌收缩力、心率变异性、动脉压力反射敏感性等指标在8周中等强度游泳运动组大鼠和和安静对照组大鼠之间的差异,旨在分析长期参加有氧运动对心血管自主神经调节功能的影响,为心血管自主神经平衡状态发生改变提供实验证据。研究发现,与对照组大鼠相比,运动组大鼠心肌出现肥大、心脏泵血功能增强、心交感神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性升高、心迷走神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性未受影响、心交感神经紧张性变异和心迷走神经紧张性变异程度均增加。研究结果提示,长期有氧运动可增强心血管自主神经的调节功能,使交感神经和副交感神经的协调与对抗关系在一个更高的功能层面上建立新的平衡。     

不同形式肌肉收缩时肌电参数变化特征及机制

研究目的：探讨动力性与静力性肌肉收缩时EMG各参数的变化特征及疲劳时各指标的差异,比较不同项目运动员肌肉收缩特征对EMG参数的影响及与该项目的关系。研究方法：27名受试者分为两组,第一组为赛艇运动员（组一）,第二组为田径爆发性力量项目（跳跃、短跑）专选运动员（组二）。受试者以2／3Mvc做静力性持续等长收缩,动力性持续肌肉收缩则采用本人的MVC,同时记录EMG信号,分析IEMG、E／T值和MF。研究结果：持续静力性肌肉收缩时,随疲劳的发展赛艇运动员与田径运动员IEMG、E／T值均显著升高。但赛艇运动员从运动开始至80％时段一直保持平稳,此后迅速上升。静力性收缩时两组运动员随疲劳发展MF从高频向低频转移,但田径运动员频率下降速率要快于赛艇运动员。结论：赛艇运动训练促使大脑皮层动员运动单位工作更具有时间耐久性。快速、爆发式运动使疲劳时大脑皮层兴奋性下降更快,肌肉更易于疲劳。     

运动因子在心血管功能中的调控作用及相关机制研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是包括动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭、心脏缺血后再灌注损伤和心肌梗死等血管和心脏的复杂病症。血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞生理功能障碍是诱发CVD的关键因素。研究表明,运动能够对心脏和动脉的形态、功能起到积极的调控作用,可作为CVD非药物疗法的重要手段之一。运动可通过调控多种运动因子的表达水平,如肌肉分泌的Fstl1、Irisin和MSTN,脂肪分泌的Omentin、Apelin、CTRP3和CTRP9,肝脏分泌的FGF21、ANGPTL3和ANGPTL4等,进而调控血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞的分化、增殖和凋亡,从而发挥其防治CVD作用。本文试图梳理肌肉、脂肪和肝脏分泌的运动因子与调控心脏和动脉功能之间的相关信号通路及其机制,为运动干预防治CVD提供新的思路。     

适应性运动对大鼠离心运动后血浆IL-6变化的影响

观察适应性运动对大鼠大强度离心运动后不同时相骨骼肌结构及血浆IL《变化的影响。方法：80只大鼠分为对照组和实验组,实验组进行两周离心跑台训练。两周后观察各组在运动前及完成一次性跑台离心运动后即刻、24h、48h和72h观察比目鱼肌结构及血浆IL-6的变化。结果：（1）运动后两组大鼠比目鱼肌均出现损伤性改变,尤以对照组更为明显,且以运动后24-48小时较为严重。（2）对照组运动后即刻血浆IL-6显著增高,随后逐渐下降,72h再次显著增高。实验组运动后48h达峰值。实验组运动后血浆IL-6水平低于对照组。结论：适应性运动有助于减轻离心运动导致的骨骼肌超微结构损伤,对血浆IL-6水平的升高有抑制作用。血浆IL-6可能与由剧烈运动导致的肌肉损伤有关。     

Effect of high glucose levels on the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by inducing osteoblastic differentiation and intracellular calcium deposition via BMP-2/Cbfα-1 pathway

In this paper,we investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of high glucose levels on the calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).HASMCs were divided into four groups: normal glucose group (NG),osmolality control group (OC),high glucose group (HG,HASMCs culture medium containing 30 mmol/L glucose),and high glucose plus recombinant human Noggin protein (bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) antagonist) group (HN).The mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and core binding factor alpha-1 (Cbfα-1) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot.After induced by 10 mmol/L β-glycerol phosphoric acid,cells were harvested for assessments of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities at Days 1,2,and 3,and intracellular calcium contents at Days 7 and 14,respectively.High glucose levels increased the mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and Cbfα-1 (P0.05).The expression of Cbfα-1 was partially blocked by Noggin protein (P0.05),while BMP-2 was not (P0.05).After being induced by β-glycerol phosphoric acid,high glucose levels increased the ALP activity [(48.63±1.03) vs.(41.42±2.28) U/mg protein,Day 3;P0.05] and the intracellular calcium content [(2.76±0.09) vs.(1.75±0.07) μmol/mg protein,Day 14;P0.05] in a time-dependent manner when compared with the NG group,while the ALP activity could not be blocked by Noggin protein [(48.63±1.03) vs.(47.37±0.97) U/mg protein,Day 3;P0.05].These results show that high glucose levels can evoke the calcification of HASMCs by inducing osteoblastic trans-differentiation and intracellular calcium deposition via the BMP-2/Cbfα-1 pathway,which can be partially blocked by Noggin protein.     

上肢康复机器人主动康复训练控制策略

近年来,脑卒中和交通事故造成上肢损伤的人数逐年上升,医疗领域对康复器械的需求越来越大。为满足实际需求,开发以气动人工肌肉为驱动器的4自由度（肩关节外收/内展（被动）、前驱/后伸、肘关节屈曲、腕关节屈曲）可穿戴上肢康复机器人。首先设计上肢康复机器人的结构,并采用气动人工肌肉作为肘关节与腕关节的驱动器。然后针对该上肢康复机器人,研究主动康复训练控制策略,设计两种控制策略。通过穿戴实验验证控制策略的有效性和实际应用价值。